Measuring student knowledge and skills
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measuring students\' knowledge
Reading Literacy
27 OECD 1999 settings a department may prepare a table of courses in a matrix format, with the columns rep- resenting days; the rows, times; and the cell entries, the course(s) offered at a particular time on a particular day. This makes it easy for students to identify courses that do not conflict in time. In an intersecting list the cell entries are all of a single kind (course titles, TV programmes, etc.). Many statistical tables are intersecting lists. For example, a table that lists the unemployment rates for large cities is likely to have the cities as rows, columns as particular dates, and cell entries as the actual rates for the cities at those times. The table may be designed to permit com- parisons between dates, as when there are several columns, each representing a different period (months, years, etc.). 4. Nested lists consist of a set of combined lists. For example, in some intersecting lists the column categories, such as days of the week, intersect not only with the row categories (times) but also with a fourth list, such as departments in a university. For a true nested list, the same type of cat- egory must be used in each of the intersecting lists. The intersecting list of unemployment rates may have separate entries under each month for males and females; in this case, gender is nested under month. 5. Combination lists are those in which several types of lists, or several lists of the same type, are joined into one list. For example, the intersecting list created by the statistical table of unem- ployment rates in different months for large cities may be combined with another intersecting list of month-to-month changes in the unemployment rates for those cities. • Non-continuous texts by format Classifying non-continuous texts by their formats provides another perspective on these texts. Every non-continuous text can be classified by both structure and format. For example, forms are one of the for- mat categories, but every form also has a structure, most commonly a combined list in which a list of labels is paired with a list of blanks to be filled in with information that corresponds to the labels. A time- table (for buses, railways, or airlines) is a table format whose structure is often an intersecting or nested list. Recognising the format is important because texts with the same structure may be laid out on the page quite differently. For example, a table of contents for a book and a form are usually combined lists. In a form the two lists are the label and the blank, as noted above. In a table of contents the two lists are the chapter titles and the pages on which the chapter starts; these are paired just as the label and blank field in a form are. But no one would confuse a form with a table of contents. 1. Forms are structured and formated texts which request the reader to respond to specific ques- tions in specified ways. Forms are used by many organisations to collect data. They often contain structured or pre-coded answer formats. Typical examples are tax forms, immigration forms, visa forms, application forms, statistical questionnaires, etc. 2. Information sheets, as opposed to forms, provide rather than solicit information. They summarise information in a structured way and in such a format that the reader can easily and quickly find specific pieces of information. Information sheets may contain various text forms, together with lists, tables, figures, and sophisticated text graphics (headings, fonts, indentation, borders, etc.) which summarise and highlight information for the eye. Timetables, price lists, catalogues and programmes are examples of this form of document. 3. Vouchers testify that their owner is entitled to certain services. The information which they contain must be sufficient to show whether the voucher is valid or not. Typical examples are tickets, invoices, etc. 4. Certificates are written acknowledgements of the validity of an agreement or a contract. They are formalised in content rather than format. They usually require the signature of one or more per- sons authorised and competent to give testimony of the truth of the given statement. Warranties, school certificates, diplomas, contracts, etc., are documents that have these properties. |
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