Measuring student knowledge and skills
Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills
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measuring students\' knowledge
Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills
26 OECD 1999 – Scientific argumentation relates concepts of events, objects, and ideas to systems of thought and knowledge so that the resulting propositions can be verified. 5. Instruction (sometimes referred to as injunctive) is the type of text that provides directions on what to do. – Instructions present directions for certain behaviours in order to complete a task. – Rules, regulations, and statutes specify requirements for certain behaviours based on impersonal authority, such as public authority. 6. Hypertext is a set of text slots linked together in such a way that the units can be read in different sequences. These texts frequently have visual supports and may invite non-linear strategies on the part of readers. Non-continuous texts (structure and format) Non-continuous texts are organised differently than continuous texts and therefore require different kinds of reading approaches. It is convenient to think about these texts in two ways. The first looks at the principles by which the elements of the text are arranged. This text structure variable identifies the features of non-continuous texts that have the same function as the sentence and paragraph features of continu- ous text. The second approach identifies some common formats for these texts. • Non-continuous texts by structure All non-continuous texts can be shown to be composed of a number of lists. Some are just simple lists, but most are comprised of combinations of several lists. This analysis of these texts does not refer to their use or employ the common labels often attached to non-continuous texts, but does identify key structural features that are common to a number of different texts. A complete description of any non-continuous text requires both a structural and a format category. Readers who understand the struc- ture of texts are better able to identify the relationships between the elements and to understand which texts are similar and which are different. 1. Simple lists contain only a single collection of elements. The list of books to be read in a literature course is an example of a simple list, as is the list of students on the honours list. The elements in the list may be ordered, as when the list of students in a class is arranged alphabetically by last name, or unordered, as in the list of supplies to buy for an art class. It is easier to find items in the former than in the latter. If the unordered list is long, it may be difficult to determine whether an item is listed or not. This should easily be possible on the ordered list, provided that one knows the ordering principle. 2. Combined lists are made up of two or more simple lists in which each element in one list is paired with an element in another list. One of the lists may be taken as the primary list (indexing list); this primary list is ordered to make it easier to find items in it, so that the parallel information in the other lists can also be found. An elementary combined list might be a list of students with a corresponding list of marks in an assessment. Items may occur more than once in one of the lists, though this seldom happens with the primary list. For example, in a list of students and marks, any mark may appear several times. A combined list may have many component lists as in a list of popular songs which may have the song title, the singer(s), the record label, and the number of weeks it has been on the hit chart. Searches of the non-indexing list are more difficult, and it may be difficult to know whether all relevant information has been obtained. Thus, using the list of students and marks to find out what mark a particular student received will be easy, especially if the students’ names are in alphabetical order. It may be more difficult to find all the students who did not receive a pass mark in the assessment. 3. Intersecting lists consist of three lists which are not parallel, but intersecting, and form a row and column matrix. The typical intersecting list is a television schedule that consists of a list of times, a list of channels, and a list of programmes. The programmes occur in the cells at the intersection of a time (usually defining the columns) and a channel (usually defining the rows). In academic |
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