Measuring student knowledge and skills


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measuring students\' knowledge

Reading Literacy
23
OECD 1999
Although most reading is a solitary activity, it nonetheless has social aspects. Others are involved in
the reading, as authors, as topics, and as those who set tasks (such as teachers). Situation includes refer-
ence to the people and (in the case of reading at work) objects that are connected with the reading.
For the purpose of the assessment of 15-year-old students in OECD/PISA, situation can be under-
stood as a categorisation of tasks based on their intended use, on the relations to others implicit or
explicit in the task, and on the general contents (see Table 2). Thus, reading a textbook would be an
example of an educational situation because its primary use is to acquire information as part of an edu-
cational task (use), it is associated with assignments from teachers or other instructors (others), and its
content is typically oriented to instruction and learning (content). 
While content is not a variable that is specifically manipulated in this assessment, the sampling of
texts is drawn from a variety of situations to maximise the diversity of content that will be included in the
reading literacy survey. Close attention is being paid to the origin and content of texts selected for inclu-
sion, as well as to the types of questions and directives that are used to elicit evidence about students’
reading literacy. The goal is to reach a balance between constructing tasks that best reflect the broad def-
inition of reading literacy used in OECD/PISA, and recognising the need that these materials should be
representative of the linguistic and cultural diversity of participating countries. This diversity will help to
ensure that no one group is either advantaged or disadvantaged by the assessment content.
A useful operationalisation of the situation variables can be taken from the Council of Europe’s (1996)
work on language:
– Reading for private use (personal): this type of reading is carried out to satisfy an individual’s own inter-
ests, both practical and intellectual. It also includes reading to maintain, or develop, personal con-
nections to other people. Contents typically include personal letters, fiction, biography, and
informational texts read for curiosity, as a part of leisure or recreational activities.
– Reading for public use: this type of reading is carried out to participate in the activities of the larger
society. This includes the use of official documents as well as information about public events. In
general, these tasks are associated with more or less anonymous contact with others.
– Reading for work (occupational): while only some 15-year-olds will actually have to read at work, it is
important to include tasks that are typical of reading for work in that they are closely tied to the
accomplishment of some immediate task and the contents are directly relevant to the goals of this
assessment. It is also important to assess the readiness of 15-year-olds to move into the world of
work, since many of them will move into the labour force within one to two years. Typical tasks are
often referred to as “reading to do” (Sticht, 1975; Stiggins, 1982).
Table 2.

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