Measuring student knowledge and skills
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measuring students\' knowledge
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45 55 Measuring Student Knowledge and Skills 38 OECD 1999 This portion of the contextual questionnaire will include: – The degree of exposure to various kinds of print at home, at school, or in a public environment. This includes the following questions: number of books at home, whether the student owns personal books, pur- chase of a daily newspaper or weekly magazine on a regular basis in the family, visits to a public or school library, etc. – Reading practices/habits. It is important to ensure that the variety and frequency of the different types of print are covered in relation to the various types of text and text formats distinguished in the reading framework, and in relation to their assessment context. Considering the time limitations and the methodological problems brought about by a reading activities inventory, a reasonable balance must be found between the need to list different sets of print in various types of situations on the one hand (in order to assess variety), and the various constraints on the other. – Attitudes toward reading and reading interests. Attitudes toward reading, and motivation, are likely to influence reading practices and achievement; action can also be taken with regard to these aspects by the creation of a favourable climate for reading literacy in and out of school. In OECD/PISA, this aspect is assessed by means of a number of targeted questions that require little response time (e.g. Do you like receiving books as presents?, Do you enjoy visiting a library? etc.); preference for reading is also compared with that for other leisure activities (TV, music, going out, video games, etc.). The answers to these types of questions could prove to be less dependent on the compliance effects that are frequently observed in the assessment of reading practices. Metacognition A number of studies have shown a relationship between metacognitive knowledge and achievement in young readers (Ehrlich et al., 1993; Ehrlich, 1996). Differences have been found in readers’ understand- ing of the concept of reading, in the goals and purposes for reading, in their strategies for dealing with comprehension, and in the detection of inconsistencies. These differences occur in terms of two basic components of metacognition: students’ knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition. The first component concerns the ability to reflect on our own cognitive processes, and includes knowledge about when, how, and why to engage in various cognitive activities. The second, regulation, concerns the use of strategies that enable us to control our cognitive efforts (Baker, 1991). Interest in measuring metacognition as part of OECD/PISA rests on the belief that results can yield information relevant to policy makers and can influence the practice of reading and learning, especially since it is believed that these skills can be taught and can be applied more generally than merely in read- ing tasks. The challenge rests in trying to devise a way of measuring metacognition in large-scale surveys such as OECD/PISA. Most of the literature is based on experimental studies completed with students younger than those participating in OECD/PISA (Myers and Paris, 1978). As a result, there appears to be no existing instrument that can be assumed to yield reliable and valid results. Since no reliable instrument exists for measuring metacognition among 15-year-old students, and adequate resources are not available to design and build such an instrument, a decision was made that metacognition would not be part of the reading literacy field trial or main assessment in the first cycle. Given the interest in this topic, the development of a metacognition instrument is to be considered for future cycles. Technology In our rapidly changing world, the investigation of reading habits and metacognition needs to be extended to include questions relating to technology, especially the computer. Clearly, the availability of electronic texts and their use to obtain and exchange information will become more and more important in students’ lives in coming years. To prepare for a greater involvement of technology in future cycles, the OECD/PISA survey will include a short questionnaire to gather information about students’ access to a computer either at home, at school, at work, or in their community; attitudes towards using a computer; frequency of computer use in various settings; and types of activities they engage in with computers. |
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