Mechanisms for digital transformation of intelligent transport systems

Technology "Big Data" (Big Data), the emergence of which is associated with the need to ensure the processing, analysis and storage of large volumes of constantly growing and updated data, the size of which exceeds the capabilities of traditional databases and analytical tools and systems. Currently, the main value of data is determined by the possibility of their participation in improving competitiveness and performance, creating new products, ensuring the validity and quality of managerial decisions, both on the basis of identified cause-and-effect relationships and on the basis of established correlations. In order to understand the essence of Big Data technology, the META Group analyst identified three of its main characteristics (the so-called "three V" concept):
- large volume of data (terabytes and petabytes);
- high speed (velocity) of updating and changing data, as well as generating new data;
- Variety of data types: structured (coming from established sources, well-ordered and uniform) and unstructured (coming from different sources and in different formats, unordered).
Later, this concept was supplemented by four more essential characteristics: variability (variability) - dependence of data interpretation on the context; reliability (veracity); visualization, which provides accessibility of perception, and value (value).
One of the most promising software solutions in the field of Big Datais Apache Hadoop software, which is a complete platform for processing, storing and managing a variety of large datasets, which includes the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), the Apache Hadoop YARN cluster resource scheduling and resource management platform, and the platform for parallel processing large amounts of data Apache Hadoop MapReduce [3].
Big Data technologies are universal and can be used in various industries and fields of activity, which are characterized by large amounts of data on customers, operations and processes, in particular, for the financial sector, for e-commerce, retail, medicine, education, systems public administration, including in terms of solving social issues, etc.
The use of Big Data technology in the transport industry allows for the optimization, planning and management of traffic flows, greater mobility of citywide transport, as well as the efficient use of transport infrastructure and other resources by collecting, processing and analyzing data on road congestion in order to optimize travel routes and timetables, about problem areas that limit throughput and prevent continuous uniform movement, about the technical condition of vehicles, units, mechanisms and related equipment in order to predict malfunctions in a timely manner and provide preventive maintenance, etc.
The use of Big Data technology is most productive in interaction with the concept of the Internet of things, as a result of which most of the generated data is transmitted, which will be discussed in more detail below.
Speaking about the possibility of wide distribution of Big Data, it should be noted the significant contradictions of this technology and the basic principles of personal data legislation, in particular, the principle of limiting the processing of personal data only to a predetermined purpose, the principle of informed, specific and conscious consent of the subject to the processing of his personal data , as well as the possibility of ensuring anonymity through the depersonalization of personal data, which requires a corresponding improvement in the norms of legislation aimed at eliminating existing contradictions [4].
The concept of "Internet of Things" (Internet of Things, IoT), providing for the interaction of physical and virtual objects and systems with each other and the external environment based on built-in information and communication technologies and standards through communication channels. The decisive role in the emergence of this concept is played by the development of cloud technologies and Big Data technologies, widespread computerization, as well as the reduction in the cost of computing power and data transmission.
The Internet of things, actually representing a set of interconnected devices, devices, sensors and sensors, allows you to collect various kinds of information about the connected control object and transfer it for further processing and storage via the Internet. The architecture of the Internet of things is represented by four levels: the level of sensors and sensor networks, which provides the collection and processing of information in real time; the level of gateways and networks, which is a single network platform; a service layer designed to automate technological and business operations; and the level of applications for various sectors and fields of activity.
The introduction of the concept of the Internet of Things into business processes and activities of companies, as well as entire industries, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of resource use, ensure security and mobility, and the ability to make optimal management decisions based on the data obtained to solve economic and social problems.
With regard to the transport industry, the main directions for implementing the concept of the Internet of things are:
- real-time remote control and monitoring systems, including traffic congestion, location and movement of vehicles, the state of transport infrastructure facilities, transported goods, weather and sea conditions, etc.;
- systems of safety sensors installed in vehicles (cars, water and aircraft, railway rolling stock) and allowing to carry out diagnostics, monitoring and control of the operation of all important systems and devices with the possibility of informing and alerting (for example, in case of emergency, in case of failure or malfunction, if it is necessary to carry out a planned replacement or repair of parts, mechanisms, etc.);
- systems of sensory sensors (sensors of circular view, on-board sensors), which allow to provide the possibility of autonomous control of the vehicle.
In addition, the Internet of Things acts as a technological platform for projects in the transport sector implemented within the framework of the ideology of the sharing economy (sharing economy), which provides for the implementation of the model of joint consumption and the concept of development of the modern urban environment of large megacities "Smart City".
Despite the growing popularity and importance of the concept of the Internet of things, the possibility of its widespread implementation is currently limited by a number of technical, organizational, legal and psychological factors, which include:
- incompatibility of various modern technologies and data exchange devices, which makes it difficult to integrate them;
- the need to ensure the protection and confidentiality of transmitted data, including those related to both commercial secrets and individual information and data on the state and behavior of a person;
- the need to ensure the timely transmission of data based on the algorithm for distributing and fixing responsibility for their reliability, as well as the rationality and adequacy of decisions made on their basis.
The solution to these problems lies in the development of various levels of technical standards, state regulation of relations in the field of the Internet of things, cybersecurity issues and the use of personal data, ensuring digital literacy of the population [5].