Mechanisms for digital transformation of intelligent transport systems

Augmented and virtual reality technologies, opening up new possibilities for perceiving the surrounding world, enriching it and making it more valuable and informative. Augmented Reality (AR) technology allows you to supplement the real world with virtual elements distributed in space in real time by overlaying special content (text, graphics, audio). Web cameras of tablets and personal computers, smartphones, as well as AR glasses, in particular, Google Glass from Google, Hololens from Microsoft, Project Morpheus from Sony and others are used as devices that allow the implementation of augmented reality technologies.
The scope of augmented reality is constantly expanding and now covers not only the gaming and media industries, but also such areas as navigation, medicine, architecture, art, cinema, education, design, advertising, etc. Augmented reality technologies are actively used in the transport sector in aviation to control air traffic based on the information received by air traffic controllers using AR applications integrated with the radar complex, to control aircraft, including through the installation and use of technical vision systems, to improve the efficiency of aircraft maintenance by presenting to the user tied to real virtual instruction objects,for training and testing employees of aviation maintenance services based on the simulation of accidents and emergencies using training and simulation solutions based on AR technologies.
The phenomenon of augmented reality is also widely used in the process of interaction of a vehicle (cars, sea and river vessels, railway trains) with the person who controls it through the visualization in his field of vision of information about traffic and the environment around the moving vehicle, about the objects of the road transport environment and infrastructure, adverse weather conditions, etc., allowing you to improve the efficiency of vehicle management and traffic safety.
In order to ensure the effective implementation and use of augmented reality technologies, it is necessary to solve a number of conceptual problems, which include ensuring the accuracy of the geolocation tools used and the necessary computing power of mobile devices, improving computer vision technologies and the realism of virtual objects.
Unlike augmented reality, virtual reality (Virtual Reality, VR) is completely created using modern technical means and provides for the complete replacement of the real world with a set of virtual models and objects perceived by a person through the senses. Virtual reality is characterized by interactivity, which provides an imitation of the impact of virtual objects on the user and his response to this impact.
The use of virtual reality technologies in the transport industry is due to the possibility of using various kinds of simulators that allow supplementing the training process of industry specialists with the formation and development of the necessary practical skills as a result of full immersion in virtual reality that reflects real situations and the environment, including by modeling critical and extreme conditions and various emergency situations.
In addition, thanks to the ability to visualize and evaluate ongoing processes in real time, augmented and virtual reality technologies are becoming one of the defining trends in the construction of intelligent transport systems [6].
Technologies of artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence, AI)based on the use of various algorithms that simulate the processes of human thinking to support decision making. Artificial intelligence, being a cognitive tool, allows, based on the analysis of the capabilities of the human mind and modeling the internal structure of the system, to make decisions depending on the problem and context in real time, which allows you to automate a significant part of production processes and ensure the digitalization of economic and social processes.
In the field of artificial intelligence, which is extremely heterogeneous, various directions of research are developing depending on the research objectives, the tools used and the models of thinking.
One of the areas of development of artificial intelligence is machine learning (Machine Learning, ML), the main principle of which is to identify dependencies and patterns, including those hidden from humans, based on initial data and many other external factors. With this approach, the solution of problems is provided not only according to the established algorithm, but also on the basis of experience gained as a result of solving similar problems.
Within the framework of machine learning, training based on artificial neural networks has recently been widely used, which makes it possible to provide the closest possible simulation of the processes of functioning of the human nervous system, the work of brain neurons, a feature of which is the ability to self-learn based on previous experience, which reduces the number of mistakes made. .
Artificial intelligence technologies are actively used in many industries and areas of activity, in particular for object recognition in images, in voice interfaces, in video analytics and monitoring systems, in automated control systems for devices and production processes, as "smart" assistants, in robotic and self-learning systems.
In the transport industry, due to the possibility of combining various modern digital technologies (cloud computing technologies, big data, artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, etc.) and engineering solutions, intelligent transport systems are widely used, which allow, based on the collection and analysis of data from transport infrastructure facilities, to provide management , forecasting and supporting the adoption of both operational and strategic decisions that allow solving the problem of reducing the capacity of the transport network, ensuring the efficiency and safety of the transportation process, optimizing and saving financial and material resources, and minimizing the negative consequences of environmental impact [7].
Additive technologies (Additive Manufacturing, AM; Additive Fabrication, AF), allowing you to create objects by layer-by-layer adding (building) of material based on the data of their digital model using computer three-dimensional technologies. Thus, additive technologies or the so-called 3D printing are based on the construction of an object by successively applying layers that form its contours and appearance, which is an alternative to traditional methods of production and processing of products.
Additive technologies differ depending on the following features: methods of formation and fixation of the layer, building materials used, key technologies (with and without the use of a laser), energy supply methods for fixing the layer of construction, and others.
The unique capabilities of additive technologies make it possible to reproduce complex structures, parts, shapes and objects. At the same time, the obvious advantages of using these technologies include waste-free production, an increase in the speed of manufacturing products and the possibility of making adjustments at any stage of its creation, cost reduction in mass and mass production, as well as an increase in the “environmental friendliness” of the process.
The scope of application of additive technologies is extremely wide and tends to expand further. Today, 3D printing is used in such industries and areas of activity as architecture, industrial design, construction, medicine, bioengineering, education, furniture, clothing and footwear, jewelry, mechanical engineering, aircraft building, military-industrial complex, etc.
With regard to the transport industry, the use of additive technologies ensures the rapid production of the necessary products and parts for vehicles and transport infrastructure facilities, both for the timely replacement of worn-out elements, and for the creation of new modern products and mechanisms that meet the requirements of functionality, quality and safety [8].
The above tools for the digital transformation of transport systems allow not only changing individual business processes, but also ensuring the restructuring of the entire industry as a whole and setting the trajectory for its future development. At the same time, the greatest effect will be achieved with the synergy of technologies, the possibility of their application in the aggregate.

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