Michael r. Katz middlebury college
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- Ivan Turgenev apropos of Fathers and Sons 1
XXVIII Six months passed. White winter had arrived with its cruel stillness of cloudless frosts, thick, squeaky snow, pink hoarfrost on trees, pale emerald green sky, caps of smoke above chimneys, clouds of steam from doors opened hurriedly, people's fresh faces nipped by the cold, and the brisk trot of shivering horses. The January day was already nearing its end; evening cold was tightening its grip on the motionless air, and the bloodred sunset was quickly fading. Lights burned in the windows of the house at Marino; Prokofich, in a black frockcoat and white gloves, was setting the table for seven with special solemnity. A week before in the small parish church, two weddings had taken place, quietly and almost without witnesses: Arkady to Katya and Nikolai to Fenechka; on this very day, Nikolai Petrovich was giving a farewell dinner for his brother, who was leaving to go to Moscow on business. Anna Sergeevna had also repaired there right after the wedding, having gifted the young couple handsomely. At precisely three o'clock everyone gathered at the table. Mitya was seated there as well; he'd already been provided with a nanny who wore a brocade peasant headdress. Pavel Petrovich took his place between Katya and Fenechka; the "husbands" were seated next to their wives. Our friends had changed of late; they all seemed to have grown stronger and better looking. Only Pavel Petrovich was thinner, which, however, lent his expressive features even more elegance and made him look even more like a grand seigneur ... Fenechka had also changed. In a new silk dress, with a broad velvet band in her hair, a gold chain around her neck, she sat in respectful stillness, respectful of herself and her surroundings, and smiling as if she wanted to say, "You must forgive me, I'm not to blame." And she wasn't the only one—all the others were also smiling and seemed to be asking forgiveness; everyone was feeling a little awkward, a little melancholy, and, in reality, very happy. Each one attended to the other's needs with amusing solicitude, as if everyone had agreed to play a role in some good-natured comedy. Katya was the calmest of all: she looked around confidently; it was apparent that Nikolai Petrovich had already managed to fall dotingly in love with her. Before the end of dinner, he stood up; glass in hand, he turned to Pavel Petrovich. "You're leaving us ... dear brother, you're leaving us," he began. "Of course, not for long; but I can't help expressing what I ... what we ... how much I ... how much we ... The trouble is, I really don't know how to make speeches! Arkady, you say something." "No, Papa, I haven't prepared anything." "As if I've made extensive preparations! Brother, let me simply embrace you and wish you all the best; come back to us as soon as you can!" Pavel Petrovich exchanged kisses with everyone, including even little Mitya, of course; what's more, in Fenechka's case, he kissed her hand, which she didn't know how to offer properly; drinking a second glass, he said with a deep sigh, "Be happy, my friends! Farewell!" This last word uttered in English went almost unnoticed, but everyone was touched. "To the memory of Bazarov," Katya whispered into her husband's ear, clinking glasses with him. Arkady squeezed her hand firmly in reply, but decided not to propose that toast aloud. That would seem to be the end. But perhaps some of our readers would like to know what each of our characters is doing now, at this very moment. 165 Odintsova recently married, not for love, but out of conviction, one of Russia's future statesmen, a very clever man, a lawyer, with good practical sense, a strong will, and a remarkable talent with words—still young, kind, and cold as ice. They live together in great harmony, and perhaps will live long enough to find happiness ... perhaps even love. Princess Kh. passed away, forgotten the day she died. The Kirsanovs, father and son, have settled at Marino. Their affairs have begun to improve. Arkady has become a zealous proprietor and the "farm" is already bringing in a fairly substantial income. Nikolai Petrovich has become an arbitrator We're prepared to satisfy their curiosity. 166 165 I.e., after the emancipation of the serfs, which occurred in February 1861. and works at it with all his might; he's constantly traveling throughout the district; he delivers long speeches (being of the opinion that peasants must be "made to understand," that is, 166 After the emancipation, an official appointed to serve as mediator between landowners and peasants. driven to exhaustion by frequent repetition of one and the same thing); but, to tell the truth, he fails to satisfy fully either the educated nobles who talk with chic or melancholy about the mancipation (pronouncing the French nasal an) or the uneducated nobles, who swear unceremoniously at that "damned muncipation." He's seen as far too generous by both sides. Katerina Sergeevna gave birth to a son, Kolya, while Mitya's already running around and talking spiritedly. After her husband and child, Fenechka, Fedosya Nikolaevna, adores no one as much as her daughter-in-law, and whenever Katya sits down at the piano, she's happy to spend the whole day there with her. We must also say a word or two about Peter. He's become perfectly numb from stupidity and self-importance and now pronounces every "e" as "u"—but he also married and received a considerable dowry with his bride, the daughter of the town vegetable-gardener, who turned down offers from two fine suitors because neither of them owned a watch, whereas Peter owned not only a watch but also a pair of patent leather boots. In Dresden, on the Brühl Terrace, between two and four in the afternoon, the most fashionable time for strolling, you can meet a man aged about fifty, already quite gray, seeming to suffer from gout, but still handsome, elegantly dressed, with the special air conferred only on those who've spent considerable time mixing with high society. This is Pavel Petrovich. He left Moscow to go abroad to improve his health and took up residence in Dresden, where he associates mostly with the English and with visiting Russians. With the English he behaves simply, almost modestly, but not without dignity; they find him a bit of a bore, but respect him for being "a perfect gentleman," as they say. With Russians he's more casual, gives vent to his spleen, makes fun of himself and them; but this is all accomplished in a very nice, easy, decent manner. He holds Slavophile views: it's well known that in high society this is considered très distingué. 167 He doesn't read anything in Russian, but keeps a silver ashtray in the shape of a peasant's bast sandal 168 on his writing desk. He's much sought after by our tourists. Matvei Ilich Kolyazin, finding himself a member of the "temporary opposition," 169 Kukshina also wound up living abroad. She's now in Heidelberg, studying not natural science, but architecture, where, in her own words, she's discovered some new laws. As before she still hobnobs with students, especially young Russians studying physics and chemistry, with whom Heidelberg's filled to the brim, and who, astonishing their naive German professors at first with their sober view of things, subsequently astonish those same professors with their total inactivity and absolute graciously paid him a visit on his way to take the waters in Bohemia; meanwhile, the locals, with whom he has very little to do, practically grovel before him. No one can obtain a ticket to the court chapel, the theater, etc., as quickly and easily as der Herr Baron von Kirsanoff. He still does as much good as he can and continues to make something of an impression: it's not for nothing he was once a social lion. But life's become a burden for him ... more than he suspects ... One need only catch a glimpse of him in the Russian church, where, leaning against the wall on one side, he sinks deep into thought and remains motionless for some time, his teeth clenched in bitterness, then suddenly comes to his senses and begins crossing himself almost imperceptibly . . . 167 "Very distinguished" (French). 168 Shoes or sandals woven from bast (tree) fibers were worn by peasants. 169 A group of reactionaries opposed to the reforms carried out by Alexander II. idleness. With two or three chemistry students who can't distinguish oxygen from nitrogen, but who're filled with self-importance and a penchant for negation, and with the great Elisevich, 170 There's a little village graveyard in one remote corner of Russia. Like almost all our graveyards, it's a sorry sight: ditches surrounding it have long since been overgrown; gray wooden crosses have fallen over and lie rotting beneath their once-painted little roofs; headstones have been displaced as if someone had pushed them aside from below; two or three pitiful trees barely provide any shade; some sheep graze unchecked around the graves ... Among them there's one grave untouched by people, untrampled by animals: only birds perch on it and sing in the heat. An iron railing surrounds it; two young pine trees have been planted there, one on each side: Evgeny Bazarov lies buried in this grave. Two feeble old people come frequently from the nearby village to visit it— a man and his wife. They walk with a heavy step, supporting each other; when they approach the railing, they fall on their knees and remain there for a long time, weeping bitterly, gazing attentively at the headstone under which their son lies buried: they exchange a few words, brush the dust off the stone, move a branch of the pine tree, and pray once again; they can't forsake this place where they seem to feel closer to their son, to their memories of him ... Can it really be that their prayers and tears are futile? Can it really be that love, sacred, devoted love is not all- powerful? Oh, no! However passionate, sinful, rebellious the heart buried in this grave, the flowers growing on it look out at us serenely with their innocent eyes: they tell us not only of that eternal peace, that great peace of "indifferent" nature; they tell us also of eternal reconciliation and life everlasting . . . too, Sitnikov, who's also preparing himself for greatness, wanders around Petersburg and, according to his own assurances, is carrying on Bazarov's "work." They say he was given a beating not too long ago, but wasn't kept down for long: in an obscure little article, hidden in an obscure little journal, he implied that the fellow who beat him was a coward. He calls this irony. His father orders him about as before, and his wife considers him a perfect fool ... and a man of letters. 170 See above, p. 52, n. 6 THE AUTHOR ON THE NOVEL Ivan Turgenev apropos of Fathers and Sons 1 I was sea-bathing in Ventnor, a small town on the Isle of Wight—it was in August of 1860—when I first thought of Fathers and Sons, that tale thanks to which I lost— and apparently forever—the younger Russian generation's friendly disposition toward me. I have frequently heard and read in critical articles that in my works I "started with an idea"; some praised me for it, others, on the contrary, blamed me; for my part I must confess that I never attempted "to create a figure" unless I had a living character rather than an idea, to whom appropriate elements were gradually added and mixed in. Since I do not possess a great deal of free invention, I always needed solid ground on which I could step firmly. That is precisely what occurred with Fathers and Sons. At the basis of the main character, Bazarov, there lay the figure of a young provincial doctor that had struck me. (He died shortly before 1860.) This remarkable man embodied in my view that barely nascent still fermenting principle that was later called nihilism. The impression that man made on me was very strong and at the time not entirely clear: at first, I could not myself make him out clearly, and I intently listened and examined everything around me as though I wanted to verify the justness of my own feelings. I was disturbed by the following fact: I did not even find a hint in any work of our literature of what I seemed to see everywhere; against my will I was beset by doubts: was I not chasing a phantom? I remember that on the Isle of Wight there lived at the same time a certain Russian gifted with extremely fine tastes and a remarkable sensitivity to what the late Apollon Grigoriev called the "Waft" of the era. I communicated to him the thoughts that occupied me and with speechless amazement heard the following remark: "But haven't you already presented a similar type in Rudin?" 2 Those words had such an effect on me that during the course of several weeks I avoided any consideration of the work I had conceived; however, after I returned to Paris I again took it up—the plot gradually took shape in my mind: I wrote the first chapters during the course of the winter, but finished the tale in Russia, in the countryside, in the month of July. In the autumn I read it to several friends, corrected a few things, elaborated others, and in March 1862 Fathers and Sons appeared in The Russian Herald. I remained silent: what could I say? Rudin and Bazarov—one and the same type! I will not expatiate on the impression made by that tale; I will only say that when I returned to St. Petersburg, the very day of the notorious fires in the Apraksin Palace, the word "nihilist" had already been taken up by thousands of voices, and the first exclamation that burst from the lips of the first acquaintance I encountered on the Nevsky was "See what your nihilists are doing! They are burning Petersburg!" My impressions at that time though of various sorts were all similarly oppressive. I noted the coldness, practically indignation, of many people close and sympathetic to me; I was congratulated, almost embraced by people belonging to a camp repugnant to me, by enemies. I was troubled, and embittered and grieved by that, but my conscience 1 From "Literary and Autobiographical Reminiscences," I. S. Turgenev. Polnoe sobranie so-chineni), vol. xiv (Moscow, 1967) 97-109. Translated by Ralph E. Matlaw. First published in 1869. Reprinted by permission. 2 The hero of Turgenev's first novel, Rudin (1856) [Editor]. was clear: I knew very well that my attitude toward the character I had introduced was not only honorable and free of prejudice but even sympathetic, 3 for I valued the calling of an artist, of a literary man too highly to be hypocritical in such a matter. The word "valued" is even not quite appropriate here: I simply could not and cannot work differently; and in the final analysis there was no reason for me to do so. My critics called my tale a "broadside pamphlet," mentioned "exasperated," "wounded" egoism; but why would I write a pamphlet on Dobrolyubov, whom I had hardly met, but whom I esteemed highly as a man and as a talented writer? Whatever modest opinion I might have of my talent, I would nevertheless have considered and do consider the writing of a pamphlet, a "pasquil" beneath it and unworthy of it. As for "wounded" egoism, I will only note that Dobrolyubov's article about my last work before Fathers and Sons— about On the Eve (and he properly considered himself the spokesman of public opinion)—that the article, which appeared in 1861, is full of the warmest praise, which, in all conscience, it does not merit. But the critics found it necessary to present me as a humiliated pamphleteer: "leur siège était fait" 4 Critics in general do not quite correctly conceive what goes on in an author's soul, what precisely causes his joys and sorrows, his stirrings, his successes and failures. For example, they do not even suspect the existence of that pleasure that Gogol mentions and which consists in chastising oneself and one's shortcomings in depicted characters one has created. They are completely convinced that all an author does is to "convey his ideas"; they do not wish to believe that to reproduce the truth, the reality of life accurately and powerfully, is the literary man's highest joy, even if that truth does not correspond to his own sympathies. I will permit myself to cite a small example. I am an inveterate and incorrigible Westerner —and even this year I could read the following lines in Appendix #1 to The Cosmos (p. 96): "Finally everyone knows that the pedestal on which Mr. Turgenev stood was destroyed chiefly by Dobrolyubov..." and later (p. 98) my "bitterness" is mentioned, which the critic, however, understands— and "perhaps even forgives." 5 and I have never in any way concealed it, nor do I do so now; nevertheless despite that, I derived particular satisfaction in depicting in Panshin (in A Nest of Noblemen) all the comical and vulgar aspects of Westernism; I made the Slavophile Lavretsky "destroy him at every point." Why did I do that—I, who consider Slavophile doctrine false and barren? Because in this instance, as I saw it that was precisely how life turned out and above all I wanted to be honest and truthful. In drawing the character of Bazarov I excluded everything artistic from his sympathies, I endowed him with harshness and an unceremonious tone—not out of a blind desire to insult the younger generation (!!!), 6 3 I permit myself to cite the following excerpt from my diary: "July 30, Sunday. An hour and a half ago I finally finished my novel ... I do not know whether it will be successful. The Contemporary will probably treat me with contempt because of Bazarov and will not believe that during the whole time I was writing I was involuntarily attracted to him." [The Contemporary was a leading periodical, in which the ideas repeated by Bazarov appeared— Editor.} but simply as a result of observing my acquaintance Dr. D. and people like him. "That is how that life turned 4 "They have taken their stand" [Editor]. 5 The two opposing camps in Russia were the Westerners, who thought that Russians should emulate European civilization, and the Slavophiles, who wanted to depend on native traditions [Editor]. 6 Among many proofs of my "spite against youth" one critic even brought forth the fact that I made Bazarov lose at cards to Father Alexey. "He just doesn't know how to wound and humiliate enough! He doesn't even know how to play cards!" There is absolutely no doubt that if I had made Bazarov win, the same critic would triumphantly exclaim: "Isn't it clear? The author wants to suggest that Bazarov is a cheat!" out,"— experience again told me—perhaps mistakenly, but, I repeat, scrupulously; there was no reason for hair-splitting, and I had to depict him precisely that way. My personal inclinations meant nothing here; but no doubt many of my readers would be amazed if I told them that I share almost all of Bazarov's convictions with the exception of those on art. Yet I am assured that I was on the side of the "fathers" ... I, who in the character of Pavel Kirsanov even erred against artistic truth and overdid it, practically turned his faults into caricature, made him comic! 7 The whole reason for the misunderstandings, the whole "fault" so to speak consisted in that the Bazarov type created by me was not able to pass through gradual stages, as other literary types ordinarily do. It was not his lot—as it was Onegin's or Pechorin's 8 "Neither Fathers nor Sons," a witty lady said to me after reading my book, "that is the real title of your book—and you are a nihilist yourself. " A similar opinion was expressed even more forcefully after the publication of Smoke. I won't undertake a refutation; perhaps the lady even told the truth. In the work of composition (to judge by myself) each does not what he wishes but what he can—and in so far as it succeeds I suppose that works of belles-lettres must be judged en gros and while demanding strict conscientiousness from the author, other aspects of his activity should be considered I won't say unconcernedly but calmly. But much as I would like to oblige my critics, I cannot consider myself guilty of a lack of conscientiousness. —to experience a period of idealization, of sympathetic exaltation. At the moment of the new man's— Bazarov's—appearance, the author treated him critically ... objectively. That led many astray and, who knows, perhaps that was, if not a mistake, at least unfair. The Bazarov type was at least entitled to as much idealization as his predecessors. I just said that the author's relation to his created character led the reader astray: the reader is always uneasy, doubts, even vexation seizes him if an author treats an invented character like a living human being, that is, he sees and presents his bad and good traits, and most of all, if he doesn't show a clear sympathy or antipathy toward his own offspring. The reader is ready to take offense: he has to clear his own path rather than follow an established one. "Why should I trouble myself?" the reader involuntarily begins to think— "books exist for distraction not for breaking one's head; and what would it have cost the author to say how I should think about a particular figure—what he himself thinks of him!" And if the author's relation to that figure is of even vaguer character, if the author doesn't know himself whether he loves the created character or not (as happened to me in regard to Bazarov, since that "involuntary attraction" which I mention in my diary is not love)—then things are altogether bad. The reader is ready to attribute fictitious sympathies or fictitious antipathies to the author, only in order to escape from unpleasant "vagueness." I have gathered a rather curious collection of letters and other documents relating to Fathers and Sons. Comparing them is not without some interest. While some accuse 7 Foreigners simply cannot understand the merciless reproaches directed at me for Bazarov. Fathers and Sons was translated into German several times. This is what one critic writes, reviewing the latest translation that appeared in Riga ([?] Zeitung, Thursday, June 10, Supplement 2, page 3): "The unprejudiced reader will be completely puzzled how the radical Russian younger generation could become so frenzied about a representative of its convictions and strivings as Turgenev depicted Bazarov that it subjected Turgenev to formal disgrace and covered him with abuse. One might rather have thought that every young radical would rather have recognized with a feeling of joyous satisfaction his own portrait and the portrait of his partisans in so proud an image, gifted with such a strength of character, such total independence from everything petty, vulgar, slothful, and false." [Turgenev quotes the German original before translating into Russian—Editor.] 8 In Pushkin's Eugene Onegin and Lermontov's Hero of Our Time [Editor]. me of insulting the younger generation, of being out of touch, of obscurantism, inform me that "they burn my photographs with contemptuous laughter"—others, on the other hand, indignantly reproach me with grovelling before that same younger generation. "You are crawling at Bazarov's feet," one correspondent exclaims. "You only pretend to condemn him; in reality you ingratiate yourself with him, and await a single careless smile of his as a favor!" I remember that one critic, in forceful and eloquent expressions addressed directly at me, presented me and Mr. Katkov 9 as two conspirators who devised their despicable plot, their calumny against younger Russian forces in the quiet of an isolated study. It was an effective picture! In fact, this is how that "conspiracy" took place. When Mr. Katkov received from me the manuscript of Fathers and Sons, of whose contents he had not even an inkling, he felt bewildered. 10 The type of Bazarov seemed to him "practically an apotheosis of The Contemporary," and I would not have been surprised if he had refused to publish my tale in his journal. "Et voilà comme on écrit l'histoire!" 11 On the other hand, I understand the reasons for the anger my book aroused in a certain faction. They are not groundless, and I accept— without false humility—part of the reproaches made to me. The term "nihilist," which I launched, was at that time used by many who only sought an incident, an excuse, to stop a movement that had taken possession of Russian society. The term was not used by me as a reproach nor with the intent to insult; but as an exact and appropriate expression of a fact that had materialized, a historical fact; it was turned into a weapon of denunciation, of irrevocable condemnation,—almost as a brand of shame. Several unfortunate events that took place at that time further nurtured suspicions that were arising and seemed to confirm the apprehensions that were spreading, justifying the efforts and fussing of our "saviors of the Fatherland" ... since "saviors of the Fatherland" appeared among us as in Rus one might exclaim. But can such minor matters really be inflated by so sonorous a name? 12 at that time. The tide of public opinion, still so vague with us, turned ... but a shadow was cast on my name. I do not deceive myself, I know that that shadow will not disappear from my name. But other people, before whom I all too deeply feel my insignificance, might utter the great words "Perissent nos noms, pourvu que la chose publique soit sauvée!" 13 9 See n. 2, p. 168. Imitating them I too could console myself with the notion that my book was of some use. That compensates me for the unpleasantness of undeserved reproaches. And really what does it signify? Twenty or thirty years from now who will remember all these storms in a teacup and my name, with or without a shadow cast upon it? 10 I hope Mr. Katkov will not complain to me for citing several places from a letter he wrote to me at the time. "Even if Bazarov isn't raised to an apotheosis," he wrote, "one must still admit that somehow he accidentally landed on a very high pedestal. He really crushes everything around him. Everything before him is either tinsel, or feeble and immature. Was that the impression one would have wished? One feels in the tale that the author wanted to characterize a principle he was little sympathetic to, but he seemed to waiver in his tone and unconsciously came under its sway. Some sort of constraint is felt in the author's relationship to the tale's hero, some sort of uneasiness and stiffness. The author somehow loses his head before him, he doesn't like him, but he is even more afraid of him!" Further, Mr. Katkov regrets that I didn't make Odintsov treat Bazarov ironically, etc.—all in the same tone! It is clear that one of the "conspirators" was not entirely satisfied with the work of the other. 11 "And that's how history is written!" [Editor]. 12 The term for Ancient Russia [Editor]. 13 That is, "Let our names perish as long as our common cause is saved." But enough about me—and it is time to stop these sporadic reminiscences which, I fear, will hardly satisfy readers. I only wish, before signing off, to say a few words to my young contemporaries, my colleagues who embark on the slippery field of literature. I have already stated and am ready to repeat that I am not blinded so far as my own position is concerned. My twenty-five years' "service of the muses" ended in the gradual disenchantment of the reading public and I do not foresee any reason why it should reverse its view. New times have come, new people are required; literary old timers are like the army's—almost always cripples—and blessed are those that retire in time! Without a hortatory tone, to which, actually, I have no right, I intend to pronounce my parting words in the tones of an old friend who is listened to with half- condescending, half-impatient attention, if only he does not become excessively long- winded. I shall try to avoid that. And so, my young colleagues, I address myself to you. Greift nur hinein ins volle Menschenleben! — I would say to you in the words of our common teacher, Goethe, — Ein jeder lebt's—nicht vielen ist's bekannt, Und wo ihr's packt—da ist's interessant! 14 Only talent gives one the power for that "apprehension," that "catching" of life, and one cannot grant oneself talent; but mere talent is in itself insufficient. Constant communion with the sphere you undertake to reproduce is required, honesty, implacable honesty toward one's own feelings is required, and, finally, education is required, knowledge is required! "Aha! We understand! We see what you're driving at!" many will perhaps exclaim here. "Potugin's ideas—Ci-vi-li-za-tion, prenez mon ours!" 15 . . . Go by a free road, Such exclamations do not surprise me; but neither will they make me renounce one iota of what 1 said. Learning is not only light, according to the Russian proverb—it is freedom as well. Nothing liberates man as much as learning, and nowhere is freedom as necessary as in art, in poetry: not for nothing are the arts called "liberal," free, even in bureaucratic language. Can a man "seize," "catch" what surrounds him if he is tied up inside? Pushkin felt that deeply; not for nothing did he write in his immortal sonnet, that sonnet that every beginning writer should memorize and remember like a commandment; Where your free mind draws you. The lack of such freedom, incidentally, also explains why not one of the Slavophiles, despite their undoubted talent, 16 14 That is, "Put your hand right in (I cannot translate it any better) into the depths of human life! Everyone lives by it, few know it and wherever you grab it, there it will be interesting." ever created anything that is alive; not one of them was able to remove his rose-tinted glasses even for a minute. But the saddest example of the lack of true freedom stemming from the lack of true knowledge is seen in Count L. N. Tolstoy's latest work (War and Peace), which at the same time through its creative, poetic gifts most likely stands at the head of everything produced in European literature since 1840. No! Without veracity, without education, without freedom in the broadest sense—toward one's self, toward one's preconceived ideas and systems, even toward one's people, one's history—a true artist is inconceivable; without that air you cannot breathe. 15 "The same old story!" Potugin is Turgenev's spokesman in the novel Smoke (1866) [Editor]. 16 One cannot, of course, reproach the Slavophiles with ignorance, with inadequate education; hut for achieving an artistic result one needs—to use the latest terminology—the interaction of many factors. The factor Slavophiles lack is freedom; others lack education, still others talent, etc. So far as a final result, a final appraisal of a so-called literary career is concerned, here too one must remember Goethe's words Sind's Rosen—nun sie werden blühen. 17 There are no unacknowledged geniuses just as there are no services that lie beyond their alloted time. "Sooner or later everyone finds his niche," the late Belinsky used to say. One can be grateful if one has contributed all one's mite in one's time and place. Only the chosen ones are in a position to convey to posterity not only the content but also the form of their thoughts and views, their personality which, generally speaking, doesn't concern the public. Ordinary individuals are condemned to disappear in the whole, to be swallowed up in its stream; but they augmented its force, broadened and deepened its course—what more could they want? I put down my pen ... One more bit of advice to young writers and one last request. My friends, never justify yourself no matter how you may be slandered; don't try to clear up misunderstandings, don't try either to say "the final word" or to listen to it. Do your work—everything will sort itself out later. In any case, first let a long period of time pass—and then look at all the rubbish of the past from the historical point of view, as I have tried to do now. Let the following example serve to guide you. Only once in the course of my literary career did I try to "establish the facts." Namely, when the editors of The Contemporary started to assure its subscribers in print that they had dispensed with me for my wretched convictions (while in fact I would not publish there— despite their pleas—for which I have documentary proof), I could not keep up my character, and publicly proclaimed what was involved, and of course, suffered a complete fiasco! The younger generation became even more indignant with me ... "How dared I raise my hand against its idol! What does it matter that I was right! I should have kept quiet!" That lesson was useful to me; I hope that it will be useful to you as well. And my request consists of the following: guard our language, our splendid Russian language, transmitted to us by our predecessors, at whose head Pushkin again shines! Treat that powerful weapon respectfully; in able hands it can achieve marvels! Even those who don't care for "philosophical abstractions" and "poetic tenderness," practical people for whom language is only a means for expressing a thought, like a simple lever,—even to them I say: at least respect the laws of mechanics, extract the maximum use of everything. Or else, scanning some pale, confused, feebly long- winded verbiage, a reader involuntarily will think that you have exchanged a lever for some primitive props, that you are returning to the infancy of mechanics itself . . . But enough, otherwise I too will become verbose. 1868-1869 Baden-Baden 17 "If they are roses—they will bloom." |
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