Microsoft Word Chapter 1 done doc

Attribution Theory in Education : 
Also, known as the Attribution Theory of Motivation, this 
theory describes how a person's reasons, alibis and vindications 
about self or others influence motivation. One of the most 
prominent psychologists who focused on The Attribution Theory of 

---

49
Education was Bernard Weiner. Mr. Weiner said that all the factors 
influencing achievement or motivation can be classified as effort, 
ability, luck and level of task difficulty. These factors mainly provide 
details of the things which are under or beyond our control; effort, 
an unstable factor on which we exercise a great deal of control; 
ability, a stable factor on which we do not have much control; luck, 
an unstable factor over which we exercise little control and level of 
difficulty, a stable factor which is beyond our control. 
Attribution Biases : 
In psychology, an attribution bias is a cognitive bias that 
affects the way we determine who or what was responsible for an 
event or action (attribution). It is natural for us to interpret events 
and results as the consequences of the purposeful actions of some 
person or agent. This is a deep-seated bias in human perception 
which has been present throughout human history. Our ancestors 
invariably attributed natural events like earthquakes, volcanoes, or 
droughts to the angry retaliation of gods. Attribution biases are 
triggered when people evaluate the dispositions or qualities of 
others based on incomplete evidence. 
Attribution biases typically take the form of actor/observer 
differences: people involved in an action (actors) view things 
differently from people not involved (observers). These 
discrepancies are often caused by asymmetries in availability 
(frequently called "salience" in this context). For example, the 
behavior of an actor is easier to remember (and therefore more 
available for later consideration) than the setting in which he found 
himself; and a person's own inner turmoil is more available to 
himself than it is to someone else. As a result, our judgments of 
attribution are often distorted along those lines. 
The attribution bias causes us to under-estimate the 
importance of inanimate, situational factors over animate, human 
factors. For instance, we might talk to a person from another 
country who mentions they only venture outside the house for 
outdoor recreation only once a week, and assume this means that 
they are a person who loves the indoors. However, we may be 
unaware that they live in a cold location where it is freezing outside 
for most of the season.
The fundamental attribution error (also known as