Microsoft Word Chapter 1 done doc

1. Attribution and equity: Many times, people come into groups 
with preconceived notions of how much effort they will put in or 
how other slack off in groups. 
2. Submaximal goal setting: Like Collaboration, tasks should be 
made and distributed with optimization instead of maximization. 
Once each member has a specific duty, instead of many 
working on the same task, then they will have the opportunity to 
be evaluated as an individual as well as a group member. 

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3. Lessened contingency between input and output: Social 
loafers believe that they can "hide in the crowd" to avoid 
negative effects,or that they will "get lost in the crowd" and feel 
that they will not get proper credit when they deserve it. 
 
Social loafing and the workplace : 
According to Hwee Hoon Tan and Min Li Tan, social loafing 
is an important area of interest in order to understand group work. 
While the opposite of social loafing, called "organizational 
citizenship behavior", can create significant productivity increases, 
both of these behaviors can significantly impact the performance of 
organizations. Social loafing is a behavior that organizations want 
to eliminate. Understanding how and why people become social 
loafers is critical to the effective functioning, and effectiveness of an 
organization. 
COORDINATION IN GROUPS: COOPERATION OR CONFLICT? 
 
We often note that individuals engage in prosocial 
behaviour- action that benefit others but have no obvious or 
immediate benefit to the persons who is performing the task. While 
such behaviour is far from rare, another pattern - one in which 
helping is mutual and both sides benefit. This pattern is known as 
cooperation and involves situation in which groups work together 
to attain shared goals. Cooperation can be highly beneficial 
through this process group of persons can attain goals they could 
never hope to reach by themselves. Surprisingly, though, 
cooperation does not always develop, frequently persons belonging 
to a group try to coordinate their efforts but somehow fail in the 
attempt. 
Some times for worse person may perceive their personal 
interests as incompatible, with the result that instead of working 
together and coordinating their effort, they often work against