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ingroup, and any group he doesn’t belong to is an outgroup
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Social psychology (1)
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ingroup, and any group he doesn’t belong to is an outgroup.
People generally have a lower opinion of outgroup members and a higher opinion of members of their own group. People who identify strongly with a particular group are more likely to be prejudiced against people in competing outgroups. Prejudices in workplaces affect how people perceive sexual harassment. Men are more likely than women to attribute blame to the victim. Changing men’s attributions regarding sexual harassment may help to prevent it. The theory also helps in criminal law to understand the psychology of criminals. In today's world, with the increase in crime and global terrorism understanding criminal psychology has become essential. Check Your Progress : III 1. What is meant by attribution? 2. Name the model which assumes that people make causal attributions in a rational and logical manner. 3. When does fundamental attribution error occur? 5.7 LET US SUM UP : Social perception refers to the processes through which we use available information to form impressions of other people, to assess what they are like. Social perceptions can obviously be 53 flawed - even skilled observers can misperceive, misjudge, and reach the wrong conclusions. Once we form wrong impressions, they are likely to persist. Just as we form impressions about others, they also form impressions about us. At some point, most of us try to influence the impressions others hold of us. We use self-presentation and impression management tactics. We often try to simplify the complex flow of incoming information by putting people into useful categories. We pay attention to some stimuli while ignoring others. These classifications help to specify how various objects or events are related or similar to each other. Nonverbal communication refers to the communication and interpretation of information by any means other than language. Nonverbal communication includes communication through any behavioral or expressive channel of communication such as facial expression, bodily movements, vocal tone and pitch, and many other channels. Nonverbal communication involves cues related to the communication (also referred to as the encoding or sending) of information as well as the interpretation (or the decoding or receiving) of information. The communication and interpretation of nonverbal behavior draws on tacit, implicit knowledge that all human beings possess. Such communication is often subtle, uncontrollable, and spontaneous, rapidly and unconsciously communicated and interpreted, and provides a great deal of information regarding affective states. In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, first published in 1872, Darwin argued that emotional expressions are adaptive responses; they communicate internal states, send out signals that enemies are present and have a powerful survival value for many species. Darwin's primary interest was in describing facial expressions and demonstrating that they are linked to the same emotions in all human cultures. Attribution is a very special percept about assigning cause to people or events. People are naive psychologists trying to understand the causes of their own and other’s behaviour. People take account of consensus, consistency and distinctiveness when deciding between internal and external attributions. Our attributions have a profound impact on our emotions, self-concept, and relationships. A special attribution is the correspondent inference in which we link behaviors directly to personal traits in an actor. But they can be biased in many ways. As observers, we tend to locate the 54 causes of behavior in actors (as actors, however, we attribute cause to the environment)--this is called the fundamental attribution error. Attributions of people as group members are ethnocentric and based on stereotypes. Attribution theory also helps in understanding depression and prejudice. Download 0.55 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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