Microsoft Word Glossary March 2011 doc

 fossilised error is an error that has become a permanent feature of a learner’s language, the error has 
become a habit. Fossilised errors cannot easily be corrected. 
When a learner makes a slip they make a language mistake but they are able to correct themselves.
 

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© UCLES 2011
\\filestorage\ESOL\AOG\Assessment\Exams\TKT\Glossary\Glossary March 2011 v2.doc 
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Establish,
verb 
To discover or get proof of something. Assessing learners can establish the progress they have made. 
 
Evaluation 
noun,
evaluate 
verb
To assess or judge the quality, importance or effectiveness of something. Teachers may evaluate learners’ progress 
or strengths and weaknesses. 
 
Exchange 
verb +
noun
 
1. To give something to another person and receive something in return.
2. An exchange can also be used to refer to the part of spoken interaction in which one person speaks and 
another responds to what they said. 
 
Exclamation mark: see punctuation. 
 
► 
Exophoric reference 
Reference to something that is outside the text; often achieved through pronouns or demonstrative adjectives, 
e.g. in the sentence ‘Pass me that piece of paper, will you?’ ‘that’ is exophoric, referring to something in the 
speaker’s surroundings. See anaphoric, cataphoric. 
 
Expectation 
A belief about the way something will happen. Learners often have expectations about what and how they should 
learn.  
 
Exploit (material) 
To use material for a particular purpose.