Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

2.
 
Lesson – II The Functions of language 
a.
Language as a communication tool 
b.
The varieties of language 
c.
Language and communication 
d.
Verbal and non- verbal communication 
e.
Major communication functions of language 
3.
 
Lesson - III Structuralist Theory and Applications 
a.
Structuralism and After 
b.
Deconstruction
c.
Categorization and Binary Feature 
d.
Functional Equivalence 
e.
Text types and overall Translation strategies 
4.
 
Lesson- IV Translation through the ages
a.
Historical sketch of Early period 
b.
Renaissance and Post –Renaissance 
c.
Romanticism and Post-Romanticism 
d.
The Victorians 
e.
The Twentieth Century
5.
 
Lesson- V Dryden’s classification of Translation models
a.
Metaphase 
b.
Paraphrase 
c.
Imitation
d.
Adaptation 
e.
Bible Translation 
 
 

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2 
UNIT - I 
LESSON - I 
NATURE OF TRANSLATION STUDIES 
What is Translation? 
Language is a co-ordinated system of arbitrary phonic symbols so that translation is 
an exchange of one set of symbols for another set keeping the contained message intact. The 
prime concern in translation is the high fidelity to the message without distortion, addition or 
subtraction.
Translation, as Casagrande (1953) puts it, is the most complex art yet produced in the 
evolution of cosmos. Catford (1965) opines that translation is that in which the replacement 
of textual material from one language by an equivalent textual material in another language is 
made. Nida and Taber (1969) are of the view that translation consists in reproducing in the 
receptor language the closest equivalence of the source language in terms of meaning and 
secondly in terms of style. Broadly speaking translation deals with that aspect of the language 
in which a message given in any particular language is transferred into another language. It 
aims at giving the communication form one language into another. A communication or 
message consists of many elements drawn from that language. It has an external 
representation in the form of words knit together by the internal system, i.e., grammar. 
Translation involves adjustments in different levels such as grammatical, lexical, 
semantic and cultural levels. No two languages exhibit identity in these areas. These 
differences create difficulties for the translator. He has to perform a balancing act between 
the unequal grammatical, lexical, semantic and cultural features of the donor language and 
the receptor language. Every level exhibits its own problems. Adjustments in these different 
levels are essential in order to reflect the ‘feel’ of the original message in the translated text.