Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Stages of Transfer 
In the actual process of translating, the translator will constantly swing back and forth 
between the analytical and the restructuring process by way of the transfer. He will also 
inevitably analyze in the direction of what he knows he must do in the restructuring. That is 
to say, in his analysis he will anticipate what he knows he must confront in the restructuring. 
For example, if a receptor language employs primarily participial construction rather than 
dependent clauses, then automatically the back-transformations will anticipate the type of 
transfers and restructuring which as required.
One must not transfer the message from language to language B merely in the form of 
a series of disconnected kernels. Such unrelated simple constructions would make little or no 
sense. Rather it is important that one indicate clearly the precise relationship between the 
kernels.
The relations between two kernels may be of three main sorts: (1) temporal, (2) 
spatial, and (3) logical. The temporal relations arrange the kernels into a time sequence, 
including the indication of simultaneity and of extended time lapses; and it is in general a 
good idea to arrange kernels that are related temporally into the absolute time sequence, even 
though it may not be the actual literary ordering either in the surface structure of the source 
language or in the final draft translation. Temporal relations are especially important in 
narrative texts, though not necessarily absent from other types.
Spatial relations may be two kinds: (a) those between objects "out there," e.g., a 
house, a road, and a clump of tress; and (b) those between the viewer and the objects. In the 
first kind, one progresses in some kind of order from object to object, or from part to part. 
The order may be left to right, or top to bottom, or some other. But one does not simply jump 
helter-skelter from thing to thing. Relations between viewer and object involve questions of 
proximity or distance e.g., the "zoom lens" effect achieved when something is first viewed at 
a distance in a larger setting, and the examined more closely and details. 
Logical relations are of a quite a different kind, but then it is still a kind of a prior 
ordering between the elements: cause and effect, condition and consequence, purpose and 
accomplishment, and so on. Again, different languages provide totally different surface 

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structure devices for representing these relations, so that the ordering at point just before the 
transfer will be as neutral and unarbitrary as possible.