Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Lexis and Grammar
According to Renzo Titone, "Decoding is a synthesizing process combining both lexis 
and grammar, where lexical interpretation has a slight temporal advantage over grammatical 
construing. Speech, in fact, is 'lexis organized by grammar'. The process, therefore, seems to 
evolve as a gradual perception of lexicon and at the same time an anticipation of grammar. 
Accordingly, we can hypothesize that total decoding of a spoken message demands two 
essential prerequisites, viz. distinctiveness (of the single components) and concatenation (of 
the elements in the whole), through the operations of analysis and synthesis".
Wolfram Wilss refers to a two-phase model and a three-phase model for the 
translation process: According to the three-phase model, the translation process consists of an 

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SL decoding phase, a transfer phase (in the narrower sense of the word), and a TL encoding 
phase. According to the two-phase mode, the translations process consists of two successive, 
sometimes party or fully overlapping operations, an SL text identification or text analysis 
phase and TL reconstruction of text synthesis phase". He prefers the two phase-model 
because in the three phase model translation creativity is put in transfer phase, understating 
the decoding or text analysis phase.
Back Transformation
Corresponding to the decoding process, the recoding process is also shortened and 
simplified because just as several stages in back transformation in decoding can be skipped, 
several stages in multiple approximation process can be eliminated while recoding. Here 
there is no reclothing of old meanings into new forms, but recreating a new form-meaning 
synthesis. Now two processes can become simultaneous and even decoding can take place in 
the target language itself or at a preverbal stage. Back transforming to the deep level would 
generally provide any significant advantage, which is not already to be found in the near-
kernel structures.