Microsoft Word tfg vázquez Castaño, María docx
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Vázquez Castaño María
2.1. Loanwords
According to Durkin (2009: 134-135) “[l]oanwords show borrowing of a word form and its associated word meaning, or a component of its meaning.” In this kind of lexical borrowing, thus, both the form and the meaning of a foreign word are introduced in the borrowing language, but this does not mean that the borrowed word will remain completely unmodified after going through this process. In fact, loanwords are usually adapted to the borrowing language’s own features: they are adapted to the sound system, they may also suffer a process of accommodation involving analogy at the morphological level, they may undergo semantic change, and they do continue evolving after the model of the borrowing language. Algeo (1998: 77) states that loanwords taken into English are 7 only affected by “sound-substitution for foreign sounds, transliteration of the spelling, or an adjustment of inflectional morphology.” Therefore, we could argue that, in a sense, loanwords might be adapted to the borrowing language so as for them not to feel like foreign words for the community of speakers of the borrowing language. In consonance with this definition of loanword, Durkin (2009: 139) introduces another distinction in his classification, after a tradition in linguistics in the Germanic-speaking world. Thus, he differentiates between Lehnwörter (‘loanwords’) and Fremdwörter (‘foreign words’), a distinction also established by Algeo (1998: 77), who distinguishes between imperfectly-assimilated foreign words and loanwords. In the case of Lehnwörter, the words belonging to this category have been adapted phonologically and morphologically to the borrowing language, and sometimes new derivatives were created after these words; whereas Fremdwörter or foreign words retain their foreign features. Although there may seem to be a clear difference between these two concepts, sometimes it is not possible to classify a borrowed word according to them. This has to do with the fact that it is very frequent to find variants of a same borrowed word at an early stage of its introduction in the borrowing language, and, usually, these variants show a differing degree of integration. Friar is an example of a loanword taken from French into English during the Middle English (ME) period, which was pointed out by Durkin (2014: 8). The form of the word was taken with only a part of its meaning into English, since Old French frere, meaning ‘brother’, was transferred to Middle English as frere, meaning ‘a brother or member of a religious order from the Roman Catholic Church’ (OED s.v. friar n.). The partial survival of the French meaning on English was probably a consequence of the need to designate a name to an ecclesiastical term before unknown for their speakers. Loanwords are the only main type of lexical borrowing involving a direct borrowing of word form that Durkin identifies, so, in order to make a first distinction between loanwords and the other types of lexical borrowing, the next types could be addressed as semantic borrowings (Durkin 2014: 8). |
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