Microsoft Word tfg vázquez Castaño, María docx
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Vázquez Castaño María
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- 2.3. Semantic loans
2.2. Loan translations
This kind of lexical borrowing can be defined as the “replication of the structure of a foreign-language word or expression by use of synonymous word forms in the borrowing language,” (Durkin 2009: 135) without it implying the use of corresponding word forms. Sometimes, it might be difficult to assert the existence of a loan translation in what may seem to be only a coincidental parallel, as it is not always possible to find evidence endorsing that argument. Therefore, in many cases it will not be possible to tell whether a given term or expression is an actual loan translation or not (Durkin 2009, 135-136). Algeo (1998: 77) also addresses the concept of loan translations, describing them as “substitutions of native morphemes for foreign ones motivated by similarity of meaning.” A good example of loan translation is the English term almighty, which, as Durkin points out (2014: 9), was introduced in the language after the Latin omnipot 𝑒̅ns (omni- ‘all’ and pot 𝑒̅ns ‘mighty’). Another clear case would be the English expression New Christian (introduced on the English language in the Early Modern English period), meaning ‘in medieval and early modern Spain: a Christianized Jew or (less frequently) Moor, esp. one who converted only nominally in order to escape persecution or expulsion,’ (OED s.v. New Christian n.), since its highly lexicalized meaning is not likely to be coincidental with the Spanish cristiano nuevo, attested in an earlier period (Durkin 2009: 135). 2.3. Semantic loans Semantic loans, according to Durkin (2009: 136), refer to those words whose meaning was extended “as a result of association with the meaning of a partly synonymous word in another language,” while Algeo (1998: 77) goes a step further affirming that they are in fact “substitutions of foreign meanings for those of native morphemes motivated by a similarity of shape.” In the same way that loan translations could be difficult to differentiate from coincidental parallel terms in different languages, it is not always possible to tell whether a given word is a semantic loan or whether the semantic development of two words from different languages is simply coincidental. Likewise, it is difficult to distinguish whether it is the actual foreign language the one producing an influence on the development of a concept from another language, or, on the other hand, 9 extralinguistic factors such as culture are at work. Furthermore, in some cases we could even argue that a new loanword, instead of a semantic loan, was introduced in the borrowing language, since sometimes an actual continuity in the word borrowing the new meaning does not seem to exist. Consequently, these cases would be considered instances of homonymy, as two words with different origin and meaning would present the same or nearly the same form. For these reasons regarding the ambiguity of their origin, some scholars decided not to consider some cases of semantic loans and loan translations as borrowings, but just as semantic changes or instances of influence from a language into another. Semantic loans are historically unrelated to those foreign terms from which the new portion of meaning is taken; however, these words might present a similar form (like English manage, a borrowing from Italian, which was semantically influenced by French ménager) or, otherwise, be formally different (like English manner, semantically influenced by Latin modus) (Durkin 2009: 136-137). Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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