Microsoft Word umk 3-kurs leksikologiya kunduzgi
There are some differences in names of places
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Some names of useful objects
- Some words connected with food
- Some words denoting personal items
- Some words denoting people
- General information about archaisms
There are some differences in names of places:
surgery
doctor’s office lift elevator Some names of useful objects:
Some words connected with food:
Some words denoting personal items:
Some words denoting people:
If we speak about cars there are also some differences:
Differences in the organization of education lead to different terms. BE «public school» is in fact a private school. It is a fee-paying school not controlled by the local education authorities. AE «public school» is a free local authority school. BE «elementary school» is AE «grade school» BE «secondary school» is AE «high school». In BE « a pupil leaves a secondary school», in AE «a student graduates from a high school» In BE you can graduate from a university or college of education, graduating entails getting a degree. A British university student takes three years known as the first, the second and the third years. An American student takes four years, known as freshman, sophomore, junior and senior years. While studying a British student takes a main and subsidiary subjects. An American student majors in a subject and also takes electives. A British student specializes in one main subject, with one subsidiary to get his honors degree. An American student earns credits for successfully completing a number of courses in studies, and has to reach the total of 36 credits to receive a degree. Differences of spelling. The reform in the English spelling for American English was introduced by the famous American lexicographer Noah Webster who published his first dictionary in 1806. Those of his proposals which were adopted in the English spelling are as follows: the delition of the letter «u» in words ending in «our», e.g. honor, favor; the delition of the second consonant in words with double consonants, e.g. traveler, wagon, the replacement of «re» by «er» in words of French origin, e.g. theater, center, the delition of unpronounced endings in words of Romanic origin, e.g. catalog, program, the replacement of «ce» by «se» in words of Romanic origin, e.g. defense, offense, d) delition of unpronounced endings in native words, e.g. tho, thro. Differences in pronunciation In American English we have r-coloured fully articulated vowels, in the combinations: ar, er, ir, or, ur, our etc. In BE the sound / / corresponds to the AE /л/, e.g. «not». In BE before fricatives and combinations with fricatives «a» is pronounced as /a:/, in AE it is pronounced / / e.g. class, dance, answer, fast etc. There are some differences in the position of the stress:
But these differences in pronunciation do not prevent Englishmen and American from communicating with each other easily and cannot serve as a proof that British and American are different languages. Words can be classified according to the period of their life in the language. The number of new words in a language is always larger than the number of words which come out of active usage. Accordingly, we can have archaisms, that is words which have come out of active usage, and neologisms, that is words which have recently appeared in the language. Questions and tasks for revision and discussion: Explain the essential problems and trends of variantology Explain the periods in the history of English as a global language How did English language become the main language in North America? How did English language become the main language in Australia? What structural functional properties of American English can you name? What structural functional properties of Australian English can you name? How do the variants of the language appear? What can you say about the main the reasons of the formation of the national varieties? What is the future of the national varieties? What is the difference between a dialect and a national or territorial variety?
Plan:
General information about archaisms. Alternative meanings, retronym. The process of words aging. List of archaic. English words, their modern equivalents. Analysis of ancient texts. Archaisms in literature and mass media. Deliberate usage of archaisms. The word-stock of a language is in an increasing state of change. Words change their meaning and sometimes drop out of the language altogether. New words spring up and replace the old ones. Some words stay in the language a very long time and do not lose their faculty of gaining new meanings and becoming richer and richer polysemantically. Other words live but a short time and are like bubbles on the surface of water -- they disappear leaving no trace of their existence. In registering these processes the role of dictionaries can hardly be over-estimated. Dictionaries serve to retain this or that word in a language either as a relic of ancient times, where it lived and circulated, or as a still living unit of the system, though it may have lost some of its meanings. They may also preserve certain nonce-creations, which were never intended for general use. In every period in the development of a literary language one can find words which will show more or less apparent changes in their meaning or usage, from full vigour, through a moribund state, to death, i. e. complete disappearance of the unit from the language. Usually we do not notice the change that takes place during our own time because it happens quite slowly. But if we take a look back over a considerable span of time, language change becomes more obvious. If we touch the problem of historical development we can not pass over in silence peculiarities of early English language, and comparison between initial and today's English. Such line of investigation considers diachronic approach to the main question of this course work - archaisms in literature. It's very important to reveal the notion of archaism, the sphere of usage, origin and many other essential components that are comprised by the word “Archaism”. Besides the direct investigation of archaisms I included information about neologisms, as contrary notion, and also about retronyms. All the aspects stated above will be carefully investigated in this work; moreover there will be included olden text with and analysis of poetry. General information about archaisms Download 192.3 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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