Microsoft Word umk 3-kurs leksikologiya kunduzgi
Lecture 7 Word acquisition
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- Extralinguistic factors affecting the success of speech communication
Extralinguistic factors affecting the success of speech communication Considering the phenomenon of speech communication, we will see that many points affect its success. One of them will be extralinguistic factors. The definition of this concept, which is included in it, we, among other things, will be discussed in the article. Let's start with the most important term and its components. Speech situation What is the speech situation in foreign and native speech? In fact, this is the first stage of communication between people. In modern reality, these situations can be both natural (two friends met on the street and talked) and artificial (the students were asked to speculate in class about the social problems of the region). There are many types and themes of speech communication in our world. Together they enrich the spiritual life of humanity, our culture. The speech situation is the specific circumstances against which human interaction takes place. It is the starting point of any of our speech actions: depending on it, a model of dialogue, communication with the audience, search for conversation topics, conversation and so on is built. Sample text of speech situation: Friendly conversation. Presentation of the report. Explanation before the authorities. Consultation about buying a computer. Explanation to the baby, why matches are not a toy and so on. Types of speech communication In foreign language and native speech, there are three main types of speech communication: Official, business. This communication of the subordinate with the boss, the teacher with the student, the doctor with the patient, and so on. It is characterized by the most rigid regulation of speech etiquette. Violation of some of its rules may even face serious sanctions. Semi-official. This is a conversation of colleagues, a group of students, relatives. The norms of speech etiquette here are more blurred. Communication is built more by the rules characteristic of this small group. Unofficial. Talk with friends, lovers, acquaintances, within the family. Observance of speech etiquette here is rather arbitrary. Tonality, communication topics are free. People here limit themselves only to their own moral ideas, morality, tact. Components of the speech situation To better understand the main topic of our conversation, let us highlight the main components of speech communication: The participants . There are both direct participants - the addressee and the addressee, and third parties - observers, listeners. The presence of the latter forms the situation itself, influences the course of communication. Place and time of communication. A very important aspect that determines the style of communication. Chatting on the street, talking at a party, speaking to a respected audience - various speech situations. Inside they are divided into two branches: Canonical - pronouncing speech synchronously to the moment of its perception. The addressee and the addressee are at the same time in the same place. Non-canonical - the time of pronouncing does not coincide with the time of perception, the speech itself does not have a specific addressee (for example, a public report, telephone conversation, communication through letters, etc.) Subject of communication . The purpose of communication. The result that the participants of communication want to see the result of their speech interaction. Goals are divided into the following groups: Directly expressed. Straight lines In particular, the reception and transmission of data. Indirect. Long term. The so-called intellectual: criticism, the search for truth, discussion, clarification, and so on. Feedback between participants in the dialogue. Here are two categories Active (dialogue). Passive (example - the text of the written response). Extralinguistic and prosodic funds We now turn from the entire speech communication closer to the main topic of conversation. Communication uses prosodic and extralinguistic means of communication. Their role is very multifaceted: Regulation of speech flow. Saving language means of communication. Anticipation, addition and substitution of speech statements. The expression of the emotional state. Each of these areas has its own set of communication tools: Extralinguistics - the dilution of speech with pauses, the inclusion of psychological manifestations: laughter, crying, sigh, nervous coughing, and so on. Prosodica - such intonation-rhythmic constructions, such as loudness and pitch of voice, force of stress, timbre, and so on. Prosodic and extra-linguistic means Let's consider both prosodic and extralinguistic factors, styles. So, prosodika. Intonation is the whole variety of linguistic means associated with the voice, not requiring a focus on the content of what has been said. Speech rate : Less than 200 words per minute is slow. About 350 words per minute - calm. About 500 words per minute is fast. The pitch of the voice is from low to high. Speech flow (mode): rhythmic, cyclical, jerky, angular, rounded. The timbre of the voice. Voice volume. Articulation - clear and distinct or unintelligible, "chewed" pronunciation. We now turn to extra-linguistics. Cough, shortness of breath. It can manifest itself as a reaction to external stimuli, talk about health problems, so be dictated by the desire to “say” something to the interlocutor with these sounds. Pause The reasons for it may be different: giving meaning to what was said, thoughtfulness, a means to gain time, distraction to something extraneous. Often admit a pause, noting that the source wants to say something. Researchers believe that the value of pauses in a conversation is sometimes almost equal to the meaning of what has been said. Laughter is a means to defuse the situation, to make the conversation somewhat emotional. There can be several reasons for it: something comical, funny was said, I want to express my attitude towards something to the interlocutor. Laughter can be both natural and artificial, strained. Silent sounds . Many in the process of conversation groan, sigh, "Ekay", "moo" and so on. These sounds can indicate both the attitude towards the subject of conversation, and reveal the inner state of a person. But that is not all. Other factors of successful communication In addition to extra-linguistics and prosodiki, there are also takestic means of communication: a kiss, a handshake, a slap, or another touch. Speaking about the successful alignment of verbal communication, it is not necessary to bypass the side and proksemiku - the distance between the interlocutors. It can be personal, intimate, intimate, public, social. An important role is played by the orientation of communication - an angular, independent, competing-defensive position. And concludes the success of the dialogue image of the interlocutor - his style of dress, adorn himself, do hair and makeup. Examples of the use of prosodic and extralinguistic means in speech Let's see how widely we use the tools of extra-linguistics and prosody in speech and how they can characterize us: High voice is used by us to convey strong emotions, both positive and negative: joy, anger, delight, fear, enthusiasm. The precise pronunciation of words, the lack of “swallowing” of suffixes and endings is used to declare oneself as a disciplined, responsible person. Quick speech is typical for an agitated, worried interlocutor. Slow can indicate both arrogance and calmness, as well as fatigue or grief. Calm speech characterizes a thoughtful, balanced person. If the pace of conversation gradually revives, speeds up, it speaks about the inspiration of the subject of the conversation, immersion in its subject. The brisk, hurried manner of verbal communication is characteristic of an impulsive, temperamental person, confident in his words. But if his speech at the same time is fragmentary, irregular, characterized by abrupt changes in the speed of speaking, then this is evidence of timidity, constraint, excitement, impermanence and fussiness. If a person speaks words correctly, adheres to a certain cyclical nature of the conversation, it speaks of his severity, pedantry, firmness, and emotional coldness. However, one should not forget that gestures and facial expressions also belong to the means of communication. If a person speaks measuredly, clearly, but at the same time he is desperately gesticulating, “running around” with his eyes, curling his lips, then this gives out his excitement, insecurity. Therefore, it is always worth paying attention to the fact that speech and non-verbal means of expression are synchronous during a conversation. Of great importance in speech communication is the richness of the lexicon, the general outlook of the interlocutor. In addition to extra-linguistic factors, this indicator significantly affects the success of speech communication. What is it - extralinguistic factors? Now a few more definitions of this phenomenon. Extralinguistic (social) communication factors are parameters of social (non-linguistic) reality, which cause both frequent and global changes in speech. Also, style-forming, extra-linguistic, extralinguistic factors of communication call a lot of phenomena of extra-linguistic reality, in which and under the influence of which speech gets a lot of its stylistic characteristics, as well as the organization and selection of language means. Components of the speech situation as extra linguistic factors Note that the extralinguistic factors can also be called the components of the speech situation. "Extra" = "super": in the sense of that which is not studied directly by linguistics (the science of language). Let's remember this components: Speaking. Destination. Subject of conversation. The purpose of communication. The atmosphere of communication. What are the social factors of verbal communication? To extralinguistic factors in global terms include: A number of demographic parameters (density, mode of settlement). Age difference. The social structure of society. The population that is a native speaker of a language in which the dialogue takes place. Cultural and language features. Written traditions. Language culturally conditioned contacts. Download 192.3 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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