- Scandinavian/Norse
- Some borrowed in OE, written in ME (North & East Midlands), then spread
- 1150-1250: anger, bag, band, bloom, both, bound (going to), bull, cake, call, carp (complain), cast, clip (cut), club, die, egg, fellow, flit, gad gape, gear, get hit, husband, ill, kid, kindle, loan, loft, loose, low, meek, muck, raise, ransack, rid, root, rotten, sale, same scab, scale, scare, scathe, score (20), seat, seem skill, skin, sky sly, snare, swain, take, thrall, thrive, thrust, thwart, trust, ugly, wand, want wassail, window, wing
- 1250-1350: awe, bait, ball, bark (of tree), bat (the animal), birth, blend, bole, bracken, brad, brunt, crawl, dirt, dregs, droop, flat, flaw, geld, gift, girth, glitter, leg, lift, likely, midden, mire, mistake, odd, race, rag, rive, rugged, skate (the fish), slaughter, sleight, slight, snub, stack, stagger, stem, teem, weak, whirl
- 1350-1500: awkward, bask, bawl, bulk, down (feathers), eddy, firth, flag, freckle, froth, gap, gasp, keel, keg, leak, link, raft, reef (sail), reindeer, scant, scrap, steak, tatter, tether, tyke
Scandinavian (cont’d) - Why borrow both, call, take? (common words)
- Norse loans replaced English words
- hātan > call
- bā > both
- niman/fōn > take
- • partial replacement
- hēofon > sky
- Norse crawl, English creep
- • cognate doublets:
- Norse raise, skin, skirt
- English rear, shin, shirt
- • -son in personal names (Nelson, Anderson) - extended to English names (Edwardson, Edmundson) and French names (Jackson, Richardson)
French Influence - By far the most important
- Slow until 1200 - why?
- several bilingual generations to get comfortable with French words
- Very few English texts before 1200
- • French loans in all fields
- • cf. Italian (music, architecture, painting, not much else)
- • cuisine: bake, sauté, serve, plate, casserole, fork, stir, mince, roast, fry (lasagne, spaghetti, pizza, pesto)
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
