Affixing - Lost OE affixes
- Ed- (again) replaced by re-
- With- (against) replaced by counter-
- El- (foreign), ymb- (around), to- (motion toward), -end (agent nouns)
- • survival in preexisting words: withstand, forsake, motherhood
- Prefixes
- Counter-, de-, in- (‘not’), inter-, mal-, re-
- Suffixes
- -able, -age, -al, -ery, -ess, -ify, -ist, -ity,
- -ment still used, but not likely for native roots (discernment, containment, but not understandment, knowment)
- Clipping (removing syllables)
- Fray/affray, squire/esquire, stress/distress, peal/appeal, mend/amend
- Back Formation (coining a word by mistakenly assuming that an existing word is derived from it)
- Latin aspis (sing.) > asp
- ON foggy >fog
- OE dawning > dawn
Minor Sources (cont’d) - Blends (Portmanteau Words)
- • deliberate in MnE (smog)
- • unconscious in ME:
- Scroll (escrow + roll)
- Scrawl (sprout + crawl)
- Quaver (quake + waver)
- From Names
- Jay (Lat. Gaius)
- Jacket (Fr. Jacques)
- Magnet (Magnesia)
- Scallion (Ascalo)
- Damson (Damascus)
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