French Loans: “Little” Words - Seem native
- Age, blame, catch, chance, change, close, cry, dally, enter, face, fail, fine, flower, fresh, grease, grouch, hello, hurt, join, kerchief, large, letter, line, mischief, move, offer, part, pay, people, piece, place, please, poor, pure, rock, roll, save, search, sign, square, stuff, strange, sure, touch, try, turn, use
- Shipping and seafaring (German/Dutch)
- Farming, agriculture (farm Fr., agriculture Lat.), but:
- Acre, loam, field, hedge, furrow, sow, till, reap, harvest, plough, sickle, scythe, shovel, spade, rake, seed, what, barley, corn, beans, oats, grass, hay, fodder, ox, horse, cow, swine, sheep, hen, goose, duck, sty, pen, barn, fold (all English)
- No place-name elements (no all-French settlements)
Parts of Speech - Almost all nouns, verbs, adjectives
- No change to grammar (cf. they etc. < ON)
- Prepositions/conjunctions:
- in spite of, because, during, regarding, in case
- • borrowed as nouns/verbs, then made into function words when naturalized:
- cause (early 13th c.)
- by cause of (mid-14th c.)
- because (late 14th c.)
- earlier loans from Norman French, by 14th c. from Parisian French
- Sometimes hard to tell which, but:
- Germanic loans into French: /gw/ became /w/ in Norman, /g/ in Parisian
- Wile/guile, warranty/guarantee, war/garrison, wage/gauge
- In Norman, /k/ before /a/ remained, in Parisian changed to /č/
- Canal/channel, cattle/chattels, catch/chase, car/chariot
- Quite a few French loans were originally Germanic loans into French - more doublets:
- Equip/ship, soup/sop, grape/grapple (OF grape = hook)
Latin influence - Tended to be learned
- Religious
- Apocalypse, dirge, limbo, purgatory, remit
- Legal
- Testament, confederate
- Misc.
- Admit, divide, comprehend, lunatic, lapidary, temporal
- • real flood in Early Modern period
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