Министрство высшего

Literature of the X-XII centuries.

Literature of the 13th and early 14th centuries.

Literature of the middle of the XIV and XVII centuries.

Literature of the 17th to the middle of the 19th century.

Second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Periodization in science is a very serious issue. In textbooks written by famous scientists Natan Mallaev, Vahid

2.Ancient literary monuments. The poem "The Science of Happiness" by Yusuf Khos Khazhib

Ancient literary monuments play an important role in the history of literature, in the history of a nation. Their study and research has historical, geographical, ethnographic, linguistic and literary significance. Ancient literary monuments are the basis and foundation of literature.

Uzbek literature is also rich in its ancient literary monuments.
Oral poetry, the Orkhon-Yenisei monuments, the monuments of Bilga Khakan, Avesta, the Play of Rabguziy and others give information about the richness of Uzbek literature.
The linguist-scientist Mahmud Koshgariy, who carefully studied the dialects of the Turkic language, was born in the 11th century in Balasogun (Kyrgyzstan). He wrote two books on linguistics: "The Rules of the Syntax of Turkic Words" and "The Dictionary of Turkic Dialects" (Turk speaks to Devon). His first work has not survived to our time.
The second book, a copy copied by Hattot Abu Bakr Damashki, was found in Istanbul and published in 1915-17 in three volumes in Istanbul.
The German scientist Brockelgmann published this book in 1928. Basim Atalay, translated into Turkish and published in Ankara in 1939. The version in Uzbek was prepared for publication by S. Mutallibov.
This book was compiled in 1072-77 in Arabic. Along with the usual vocabulary for the dictionary, the author included in the book samples of oral folk art and written poetry: proverbs, sayings, ritual songs, lyrics, excerpts of epic content, individual stanzas and groups of stanzas of songs of Turkic-speaking tribes. The main part of the book explains the meanings of 6000 Turkic words in Arabic. Theoretical information on dialectology, morphology, phonetics and vocabulary of the Turkic languages ​​is given.
Yusuf Khos Khozhib is a famous poet, scientist and statesman of the 11th century. The author of the didactic poem "Kutadgu bilik" ("The Science of Happiness"), written in 1069-1070, was a courtier of the Karakhanids. Judging by his literary heritage, he received a broad education for that time, brilliantly knew Arabic and Farsi Dari. As befitted educated people of that era, he was knowledgeable in all known sciences. Just like Mahmud Kashgari, Yusuf Khos Khozhib Balasaguni studied Turkic dialects well. He became the founder of the Turkic literary language. About his poem "Kutadgu bilik" he writes:

Many books have been written in Arabic and Tajik languages,

But in our language it is the first work.

Even during the time of the Central Asian Samanid dynasty (875-999), it became customary to dedicate a poetic work to the ruler. Yusuf Khos Khozhib Balasaguni presented his poem "Kutadgu bilik" to one of the supreme rulers of the Karakhanids - Bugrakhan.

The poem gained wide popularity, it was called "The Ethics of Government", "Sovereign Laws", "Decoration of the Noble", "Advice to the Kings", and the Iranians - "Turkic Shahnameh". The last comparison is formal. "Shahnameh" is a collection of epic tales of the Iranian people, and Balasaguni's poem is a collection of wise advice and instructions. Nevertheless, Balasaguni drew a lot from the famous epic of Ferdowsi to write his work. In particular, he borrowed the poetic form. "Kutadgu bilik" is written in the same size - mutakarib, as "Shahnameh".
The poem is preceded by an introduction in prose, in which Yusuf Khos Khozhib, according to the tradition that existed at that time, praises the "Lord-Creator", the Muslim prophet and the four righteous caliphs who inherited power over Muslims after the death of the prophet. Then he moves on to the chanting of spring. These chapters end with a doxology to Bugrakhan. Here the author also points to the main content of his poem. The book considers four problems: justice - Kuntugdi ("The sun has risen"). This name, according to the author, should be worn by the padishah; board - Oytuldi ("Full Moon") approaches the vizier; mind - Ugdulmish ("Reasonable Expert") personifies the qualities of the vizier's son; frugality—Ugdurmish ("Smart") is assigned to close relatives.
The poem is built in the form of a dialogue-dispute between the bearers of these qualities. The main content of the poem is as follows:
Having heard about a just ruler, someone named Oytuldi decided to serve him. For this purpose, he came to the capital, where, with the help of friends, he was introduced to the padishah. Having shown great abilities, he received the post of vizier. The wisdom he showed in governing the country ensured Oytuldi's favor with the ruler. At the end of his life, he retired from worldly affairs and died far from the capital in the circle of his family. His son Ugdulmish, having gone to the palace at the request of his father, also entered the service of Kuntugdi and achieved great success in governing the state. In his disputes with the shah, he argued the primacy of reason, stressed the merit of people of science in governing the country. On his advice, the padishah invited the sage Ugdurmish, who lived as a hermit, to the palace. Ugdurmish also had disputes with the shah about the system of government, called on the padishah to reason and justice.
Following the first Turkic-language poem "Kutadgu Bilik", at the end of the 12th century, another monument of didactic literature was compiled in Ferghana under the name "Sum of Truths". Its author is Ahmed Yugnaki, about whom very scarce information has been preserved. It is known that the full name of the poet was Ahmed ibn Mahmud from the city of Yugnak (hence his nickname - Yugnaki), located in the vicinity of Samarkand. The poet was blind from birth.
The book has not survived in its entirety. The introduction notes that it consisted of 14 chapters. However, the copy of the manuscript that has come down to us contains only 7 chapters:
"The first type is about the benefits of knowledge and the dangers of darkness";
"The second type is about the preservation of the language and other customs and mores";
"The third view is about the frailty of the world and the impermanence of life";
"The fourth view is about the benefits of generosity and the dangers of stinginess";
"The fifth type is about pleasant morals and their observance";
"The last view - poems on various topics."
"Apologizing and the end of the word."
As in all ancient monuments of this genre, at the beginning of the poem, God, the prophet and the four great caliphs are glorified, then there follows a great dedication to Dad - Sipahsalar - the ruler of the city (the word "Sipahsalar" is Persian, means "commander in chief" and indicates the military position of the ruler ), whom the poet calls generous, humane and fair. The main text of the monument is built in the form of comparisons of good and evil human qualities: knowledge is opposed to ignorance, generosity to stinginess, etc. The theme of the frailty of life on earth, characteristic of the medieval literature of the peoples of the East, is touched upon.
Yugnaki, like his predecessor Yusuf Khos Khozhib, gives education a central place in his work. Only knowledge can control being. The path to happiness lies through knowledge.
Achieve knowledge to gain happiness.
A learned man is like gold,
An ignoramus is not worth a penny.
The scientist will die, but his name will live;
The name of the ignorant is like the dead man, although he is still alive.

The author attaches considerable importance to issues of ethics and morality. He instructs to be polite in handling, to monitor one's speech, so as not to inadvertently offend the interlocutor with a thoughtlessly spoken word. Be truthful, keep someone else's secret, fight against injustice and evil, do not envy, be generous, etc.; possessing these qualities, you will have the right to be called a man, says the author.

X-XII centuries in the history of the Turkic-language, including Uzbek literature, were the beginning of a long journey. Lines of fiction have been outlined. Over time, the Uzbek people will put forward brilliant poets who will create the glory of their native speech, enrich the world's artistic thought. The main merit of the poets of this time is that, with the almost absolute dominance of the Farsi language in literature and, to a certain extent, in public life, they turned to their native language, introduced it into literary use, forced the swaggering rulers to listen to it, who openly preferred a foreign language. language.
Control questions and tasks:
1. Tell us about ancient literary monuments.
2. What is the place of the "Dictionary of Turkic Dialects" (Devon Lugatit Turk) in literary criticism and linguistics?
3. What do you know about the life and work of Mahmud Koshgari?
4. What do you know about the socio-political outlook of Yusuf Khos Khazhiba?
5. Tell us about the moral and didactic worldview of Yusuf Khos Khazhiba?
6. What other names did the poem "Kutadgu bilik" have?
7. Tell the summary of the poem "Kutadgu bilik".


3. The tradition of creating a five. Nizami, Dehlavi, Jami, Navai

We know that the founder of the tradition of creating the five is the Azerbaijani poet, the classic Nizami Genjavi, who lived in the 12th century and wrote in Persian.

His poem became famous not only in Azerbaijani and Persian literature, but throughout the East. The first poem of Khamsa Nizami Genjavi is called "Treasury of Secrets", the second "Khosrav and Shirin", the third "Leyli and Mezhnun", the fourth "Seven Beauties", the fifth "Iskandarname".
The founder of the creation of Khamsa - Nizami Ilyas son of Yusuf was born in 1141 in the city of Genzha - one of the cultural centers of Azerbaijan. The poet's father and great-grandfather were enlighteners of their time. His great-grandfather Zahi Muayyad was a poet and scholar. Nizami is his pseudonym, Navai in his works gives him pseudonyms - "Sheikh Hakim", "Sheikh Nizami", "Hakim Nizami", which indicates Nizami is a poet-philosopher.
Indeed, Nizami Ilyas son of Yusuf was perfect in all the sciences of his time. He becomes an orphan very early. Despite this, he studies both spiritual and secular sciences. Nizami mastered the science of Sufism to perfection.
Interest in the works of Nizami arose immediately after the death of the poet. Imitation (Nazira) of the "Five" has become a tradition.
Of the numerous imitators, the first to achieve great success was Emir Khosrav Dehlavi (XIII century), who introduced a lot of new things into the tradition of creating the "five". His first poem is "Sunrise of the Luminaries", the second "Khosrav and Shirin", the third "Leyli and Mezhnun", the fourth "Hasht Behisht" (eight paradises), the fifth "Alexander's Mirror".
Navai writes about Emir Khosrav Dehlavi in ​​the following way: his pseudonym is Yaminuddin. His father was one of the leaders of the Lochin tribe of Turkic origin.
The second and most successful creative imitation was the poems of Abdurakhman Jami. Jami - the great Tajik poet was born on November 7, 1414 in Jam, Khorasan region. He came to Herat in his youth together with his father Nizomiddin Ahmed and grandfather Shamsiddin Muhammad. He died on November 8, 1492 at the age of 78.
Jami studied at the madrasas of Herat and Samarkand, which he considered the cultural centers of Movarounnahr and Khorasan. He had a very broad outlook. Alisher's teacher and mentor Navai Jami wrote seven dastans ahead of his predecessors Nizami and Dehlavi.
The complete "Five" in the Turkic language was first created by Navoi. In the introductory part of his work, Navoi speaks of the poems of Nizami and Emir Khosrov.
At the same time, he highly appreciates the skill of Nizami:
Whom do not take in comparison with you,