Ministry of health protection of the republic of uzbekistan

TEXT A. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Respiration occurs in all living things, both plants and animals.The proper function of this system is perhaps the most important one in the sustaining of life. Interruption of breathing for only a few minutes by suffocation or strangulation causes death. In the human organism, res­piration consists of those processes by which the body cells and tissues make use of oxygen and by which carbon dioxide or the waste products of respiration are removed.

2. Inhaled air contains about 20 per cent oxygen and four hundredths of one per cent carbon dioxide. Exhaled air consists of approximately 16 per cent oxygen and 4 per cent carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, which makes up about 79 per cent of the atmosphere, is not involved in the breathing process. When air is inhaled into the lungs, a portion of the oxygen is passing into the blood and is being circulated through the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide is being diffused out of the blood into the lungs and exhaled.
3. Air is breathed through either the mouth or nose into the oral cavity, or pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe, or trachea. The trachea ultimately divides into two small­er tubes, bronchi; one is going to each lung. The bronchi divide into tiny passage-ways that are named bronchioles, which lead directly to minute air sacs, or alveoli. The exchange of life-giving gases is affected through the walls of the alveoli.
4. One must know that mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract serve to filter, and warm the air in its journey to the lungs. The hairs, or cilia, in the nostrils partially fil­ter out dust particles as sticky secretion does, mucus, which has be­en produced by mucous cells. It lines the mouth, nasal passages, pharynx and trachea. Cilia in the nasal passages and trachea are effective in helping to remove foreign particles from the upper respiratory tract.
5. Other structures which have been connected with the system in­clude: the laryngeal tonsils, which are masses of tissue in the nasopharynx or posterior portions of the nasal passages (adenoids are infected or diseased laryngeal tonsils); the sinus­es, cavities in the bones in the front part of the skull that provide reso­nance to the voice, and the pleura, a double-walled membrane which sur­rounds the lungs.
6. When the diaphragm contracts and flattens, it contributes to the ex­tension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity. Air is constantly renewing in the lungs. The capacity of the air passages is increasing. Any muscular effort, e.g. even standing up, increases the number of respirations.

Exercise 10. 1) Read and translate text А. Translate passages 5 and 6 in written form. 2) Find the answers to the following questions and read them. 3) Make the plan of text А.
1. What gases are involved in breathing? 2. What parts of the respi­ratory system does the air pass on its way to the alveoli? 3. What are the other structures connected with the system? 4. Does the diaphragm contribute to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity? 5. Any muscular effort increases the number of respirations, doesn't it?


Exercise 11. Match the words of Latin origin with their English equivalents.

Trachea	voice box
Cilium	hair
pharynx	oral cavity
Larynx	windpipe

Exercise 12. Find the pairs of synonyms.
to consist of, to take part in, fine, air passage, to occur, respiratory tract, to happen, minute, to be involved in, to be made of


Exercise 13. Form the pairs of antonyms to the following words using prefix ех- and translate them: to inhale, inspiration, to include


Exercise 14. Read and translate the following sentences. Remember the verbs with postpositions.
to refer to, to speak of, to take care of, to send for, to wait for, to think of
1. Respiration is usually thought of as the mechanical process of breathing. 2. Disease germs are sometimes referred to as bugs. 3. Those patients have been taken care of by the nurses. 4. By the discovery of tubercule bacillus Robert Koch had been already much spoken about. 5. This lecture has long been waited for.


Exercise 16. Read and translate the following word combinations:
1. life-giving gas, life-giving gas exchange; 2. tissue masses, tissue masses structures; 3. respiration waste products, respiration waste prod­ucts removal; 4. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide exhalation; 5. double-walled membrane, double-walled lung membrane; 6. blood capillaries, blood capillaries dense network; 7. thoracic cavity volume, thoracic cavity volume increase; 8. body cell oxygen, body cell oxygen supply.


LESSON 10.


Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations:
exhange [ikst eind ] n обмен; v обменивать(ся), almashinuv, almashmoq
since [sins] adv с тех пор, …dan beri; рreр с какого-л. времени; cj так как, noскольку, chunki
alveolus [ lvi l s] (pl. alveoli [ l'vi lai]) n альвеола alveolar [ l'vi l ] а альвеолярный, alviolaga oid
content ['kont nt] n содержимое, tarkibi
eliminate [i'limineit] v выводить, удалять, chiqarib yubormoq
elimination [ilimi'nei n] n выведение, удаление, chiqarib yuborish
dense [dens] а плотный , zich
transverse ['tr nsv :s] а поперечный, ko’ndalang
flat а плоский flatten ['fl tn] v делать(ся) ровным, плоским, yassi, tekkislanmoq
contribute [k n'tribjut] v (to) содействовать, способствовать, hissa qo’shmoq
through [ru:] prep сквозь, через, orqali


Exercise 2. Read and translate the following words.
maximum, production, pleural, passively, position, elasticity, tract, pulmonary, ventilation


Exercise 3. Find the pairs of synonyms.
interior, per minute, to take place, because, to occur, since, internal, each minute, a minute


Exercise 4. Form the pairs of antonyms to the following words using prefixes ех-, un-, in - and translate them: interior, decrease, inspiratory, important


Exercise 5. Read and translate word combinations with rest, activity.
1. the rest of the students; the rest of blood; for the rest; at rest; a rest home
2. respiratory activity; political activity of the masses; his social (political) activities


Exercise 6. Read and translate the following fixed word combinations with preposition at.
at all вообще, совсем (umuman)
at rest в состоянии покоя (tinch xolatda)
at times временами, иногда (ba’zan)
at first сначала (boshidan)
at last наконец (va nixoyat)
at the same time в то же самое время (bir vaqtda)
at least no крайней (меньшей) мере (kamida)


Exercise 7. Read text В in 10 minutes. 1) Tell how many parts this text can be divided into. 2) Find sentences a) with the predicates in Passive Voice, b) with one (ones), c) with nouns in the function of attribute. 3) Translate these sentences.