1. The choice of the point of view and the form of speech. The story-may be told from the point
of view of a) the author; b) the chief character of the story; c) an onlooker who may be some minor
participant in the action or some person outside the group of characters.
A story may be told a) in direct speech, the characters speaking for themselves; b) in indirect speech,
the author describing the thoughts and feelings of his characters; c) in non-personal direct speech
(несобственно - прямая речь).
2. Characterization or character-drawing. One of the writer's most important problems is to
present his characters to the reader as individual human beings. There are various means of
characterization or character-drawing in stories: a) direct characterization—the author or another
person defines the character for the reader by describing or explaining it, thus offering his own interpretation
of each person in the story; b) indirect characterization through the action and conversation. The author
leaves it to the reader to judge the characters by what they do and say.
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