Ministry of higher and secondary special education uzbekistan state university of world languages department of theoretical sciences of english language

Summary for Chapter two
English phonology is the system of speech sounds used in spoken English. Like many other languages, English has many variations in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect. In general, however, the regional dialects of English share a similar (but not identical) phonemic system. Among other things, most dialects have reduced vowels in unstressed syllables and a complex set of phonological features that distinguish fortis and lenis consonants (stops, links, and frictions). ).
Phonological analysis of English often focuses on or uses, as a reference point, one or more prestige or standard accents, such as Acknowledged Pronunciation for Britain, American General for the United States, and Australian General for Australia. However, many other dialects of spoken English have evolved independently of these standardized accents, especially regional dialects. This information on standardized accents serves only as a limited guide to all English phonology, which one can expand upon later when familiar with several other English dialects. be said.

Conlusion for Chapter two

The phoneme of a language or dialect is an abstraction of a speech sound or a group of different sounds that are all considered by speakers of that particular language or dialect to have the same function. . For example, the English word through consists of three phonemes: the initial "th", the "r" sound, and a vowel. The phonemes of this English word and many others do not always correspond directly to the letters used to spell them (English spelling is not as phonetic as that of many other languages).

The number and distribution of phonemes in English varies between dialects and also depends on the interpretation of the individual researcher. The number of consonant phonemes is usually set at 24 (or a little more depending on the dialect). The number of vowels can vary more; In the system presented on this page, there are 20–25 vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation, 14–16 in General American and 19–21 in Australian English. The pronunciation keys used in dictionaries usually contain a slightly larger number of symbols than this, to account for some of the sounds used in foreign words and some notable differences. which could - strictly speaking - be phonemes.