Ministry of higher and secondary specialized

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*Brooks, Cleanth. “The Waste Land: An Analysis.” Southern Review, 3, Summer 1937, pp. 106–136 Buckton- Tucker, Rosalind. “ he Angst of Alienation: The Case of Saul Bellow’s Herzog.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences, vol. 4, no. 14, 2011, pp. 211–219.

Chapter I .American Poetry in the turn of XX-XXI Centuries 1.1American Realism and Naturalizm

The nation was shocked when it learned of the harsh frontier lifestyle and the Civil War. Americans had viewed the world through the optimistic lenses of Romanticism and Transcendentalism for nearly 50 years prior to these tragic events. Americans began to prefer to write and think about reality rather than imagined or fantastic ideas as a response to this dramatic change brought about by the frontier and the Civil War.
American literature experienced two major movements between 1870 and 1910: naturalism and realism. The literary movement known as realism emphasized ordinary characters and everyday life circumstances. Stories written in a realist style, like Stephen Crane's, told stories about ordinary people. Realism was a subfield of naturalism. Similar to realism, it depicted real people in real situations, but naturalists also believed in factors like fate, nature, and heredity that were larger than the individual. Naturalists held the belief that these forces shaped people and their future. Themes like survival, determinism, and violence were common in naturalism. Characters' distinctive traits were frequently the focus of naturalist writers. Mary Chesnut's account of the Civil War, "Mary Chesnut's Civil War," exhibits characteristics of naturalism because, in addition to describing actual people and events, she also talks about praying to God and pleading with Him for a favorable outcome. Naturalism and realism both depict the everyday life and experiences of the average American man, despite slight differences. Americans were aided by this movement in coming to terms with the realization that their lives would not always be as bright as the Romantics thought they would be.By identifying the underlying causes of human beliefs and actions, naturalism sought to expand and become more explicative. Additionally, it provided a dimension of predetermined destiny rendering human will ultimately powerless (Perkins, 25). Class divisions and other social issues were unique issues in American history following the Civil War, and they had a significant impact on American literature. After the Civil War, realism and naturalism emerged as significant literary movements in the United States. It is a fact that there is no literature that exists without taking into account social, economic, and historical factors. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend Whitman and Dickinson's writings regarding the events of social and historical history. Their works were influenced by these qualities. Although realism was not the predominant literary style in the United States in the early decades, it became increasingly influential and significant to a well-known novelist there. Earth as it actually is is depicted in this
literary style. The term "realism" refers to literature that provides a straightforward
and sensible account of the subject matter it describes. The works of realists were based on facts and information gleaned from everyday life experiences. These are facts about the natural world, history, or specific locations.A crucial component of realistic work is the description of the "everyday world." Realists frequently use examples from everyday tasks and plain materials to discuss everyday and normal materials. A reader might come to the conclusion that a character in realist literature describes a real person doing a daily task. Realists, on the other hand, tend to write specifically about places they've been. For instance, the calamus was a free-verse sonnet derived from an original manuscript. The key poem, "I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing," had a sequence of narratives about human relationships, and it celebrated the love of man as the center of democracy. However, homoeroticism reveals a man's feelings of isolation and social alienation.Writers who were realists, like Mark Twain, who became famous for his realist works in American literature, wrote about real people, places, and other things in their "everyday life." When setting their literary works in various locations, they utilized American dialects. Killingsworth cites Killingsworth (18) as saying that American realists had excellent ears when it came to making their characters sound like real Americans. Realists genuinely contributed to the creation of a genuine American body of literature by depicting various American dialects. This term refers to a collection of literature that can be distinguished from literature from other regions, such as Europe, following the Civil War. As a result, individuals are celebrated in realism because central characters are typically required to confront a moral dilemma in order to accomplish something or win. (Killingsworth 17) Realist writers put their characters in a typical "everyday world." This is combined with some interesting nonexistent external experiences. However, the majority of realist writers develop an interest in a character out of a love of the idea that man must learn and develop through his life's experiences. Plot is always the focus of realist literature. As a result, realism is centered on a conflict that occurs and the audience wants to resolve. A writer must use at least a
protagonist and an antagonist to show opposing forces within an episode in realist
literature. Because of this, the audience is anxious to experience the prevailing sequence of events. These characteristics are present in all standard literary works, but their significance in realism lies in the fact that they result in a more fragmented or conscious style.After the Civil War, naturalism also remained popular in American literature. This is a result of American literature's realism style. Naturalism is similar to realism in that it presents an accurate representation of everyday reality. Naturalism contains both facts and specifics about how ordinary people experience the world and its experiences. Additionally, there is a resemblance to the authentic American dialect used by the characters. Whitman wrote in free verse about the people, geography, and landscape of the United States (Donna 43). Dickinson, on the other hand, wrote in much more measured and concise tones and poetic styles. Their works developed in a distinctively American manner and depicted the "everyday" life in the United States. However, naturalist writers do not care about being unique. They don't think people have a place in the world where they can make changes to everyday life. As a result, the setting of the works of literature does not change much as a result of the protagonists' moral struggles.The central tenet of naturalism, according to authors, is that humans are subject to the whims of powerful forces in charge of nature. The need for fundamental needs and social dominance are two examples of these forces. In a broader sense, these external forces may include both the built environment and the natural environment. The inevitability of it is the whole point of naturalism. The political leanings of naturalist writers can be seen in their descriptions of the plight of the working class in society, for instance. As a result, they show the cruelty of a larger external force, such as how money could be used to crush the plight of society's poor. This idea is true to some extent; As a result, readers should not overlook it. As a result, in order to be realistic, readers must look at the bigger picture rather than just an individual's political movements, which may be crucial to fighting capitalist exploitation of the working poor. As a result, naturalism focuses primarily on unusual topics in its attempt to explain how individuals' lives
are influenced and controlled by external forces. According to Donna 56,
naturalism backs the idea that free will is capable of bringing about real change in life situations.In conclusion, after the Civil War, American writers sought to assert their own voice; Consequently, realism was the first movement, followed by naturalism. Realist literature emphasized the virtues of the common person in contrast to the capitalist economy.


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*Chaucer, G. The Canterbury Tales and Other Poems by Geoffrey Chaucer,ProjectGutenberg,http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2383/pg2383-images.html. Accessed 20 July 2020.