Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation Tashkent State University of Economics
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Accounting Shag\'zod pdf
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Standard Cost
Actual Cost Receipt into Inventory The value of the item, either bought or fabricated, is always the stated standard cost of the part. The value of the item, either bought or fabricated, is always the actual cost of the part . Labor Transaction An employee’s labor hours are multipliedby the standard hourly cost for the resource where the labor was performed. An employee’s labor hours are multiplied by the employee’s actual hourly wage. 15 Changes in the Price of Raw Materials - Changes in the price of raw materials used to produce a product could cause discrepancies between standard costing and actual costing. If the actual cost of raw materials used in the production process is higher or lower than the standard cost, variances arise. This could cause over or underestimation of the cost of goods sold. Production Process Complexity 8 - The complexity of the production process could also pose a challenge when reconciling standard costing with actual costing. If the production process is too complicated, it could lead to higher production costs, which may not have been accounted for in the standard costing method. Time Lag between Actual Costing and Standard Costing - Actual costing is carried out after the actual production process, whereas, standard costing is carried out before the production process. The time lag between actual costing and standard costing can make it challenging to reconcile the two methods. During the time lag, cost variances could occur, leading to significant financial implications. In conclusion, reconciling standard costing with actual costing could pose challenges, but effective implementation can curb the issues. Businesses must maintain accurate records of material usage and labor costs, have standard costs that are frequently adjusted to the actual costs, and ensure the production process remains as simple as possible. Standard costing may lead to variances due to fluctuations in the prices of inputs and other unforeseen circumstances, while actual costing may not have as many variances since all costs are precisely accounted for in the method. Standard costing is helpful while setting production targets while actual costing is used to control costs. Standard costing is good for mass production while actual costing is ideal for job order production. In conclusion, the main difference between standard costing and actual costing is that standard costing is a future-looking method, while 8 https://mtlp.uz/uzbekistan-localizes-textile-equipment-production/ 16 actual costing is focused on past events. The two methods provide different insights into business operations, hence, managers should have a good understanding of each method to make informed decisions about cost management in their companies. Before I get into the best costing methodology for a work-order-driven manufacturing company, let me define both methods. With standard cost versus actual cost, the discussion centers around how the ERP system values an inventory or labor transaction. Here is how the different costing methods calculate the value of the transactions. Receipt into Inventory: Standard Cost: The value of the item, either bought or fabricated, is always the stated standard cost of the part. This is true for parts going in or out of inventory. Any difference between the actual and standard cost is put into a variance account. Two examples: A raw material has a standard cost of $10 each. When 50 are purchased, the inventory receipt of those 50 is valued at $500. If the amount paid was actually $11 each, the $50 negative variance goes into the variance general ledger (G/L) account. A fabricated finished good has a standard cost of $300. When it is received into inventory, the item is valued at $300. If it only cost $275 to make, that $25 positive variance goes into the variance G/L account. Actual Cost: The value of the item, either bought or fabricated, is always the actual cost of the part. Inventory is kept in “layers;” each layer contains the costing information for that transaction. Items and their respective costs leave inventory in a first in, first out (FIFO) or a last in, first out (LIFO) 17 method. Since the actual cost is going into inventory, there is no need for a variance account. An example: A raw material costs $11 each, and 50 go into inventory. That inventory layer is valued at $550. Another purchase of the same material takes place. This time it’s 1000 at $10 each. That layer is valued at $10,000. If a FIFO method is chosen, the first 50 that come out of inventory will be valued at $11 each, the next 1,000 will be valued at $10 each. The exact same methodology would happen for a fabricated finished good or fabricated raw material. Labor Transaction Standard Cost: An employee’s labor hours are multiplied by the standard hourly cost for the resource where the labor was performed. Actual Cost: An employee’s labor hours are multiplied by the employee’s actual hourly wage. Now that there is an understanding of how standard and actual costing works, which method is best for a work-order-driven manufacturing company? For me, this is an easy question and actual cost is the answer. Here’s why: It’s the best of both worlds. In an actual cost set-up, you still declare a standard cost for all your items and resources. These costs aren’t used to value an inventory or labor transaction though. They are used to generate the estimated cost of a work order. Let’s say you need a raw material that has a standard cost of $10 per item and the work order calls for a quantity of five. The estimated material cost is $50. In the execution of the work order, what was actually used was a quantity of six and the value of each was $11. Therefore, 18 the actual material cost is $66, leaving a negative variance of $16. This variance is in the work order, not a G/L account. Changing standards doesn’t revalue inventory. In a standard cost system, inventory is valued at standard cost. If the standard cost changes, inventory value changes. Because of this, the finance department usually locks standard costs for a year. In an actual cost system, standard cost doesn’t value inventory, so standard costs can be kept up to date on a more regular basis. This is especially important if you quote a lot of non-standard items or there is volatility in your raw material costs. Download 454.76 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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