Mitochondrial endocrinology Mitochondria as key to hormones and metabolism
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Thyroid Hormones
Derivates/Analogues 58 F. Cioffi et al. / Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 379 (2013) 51–61 improve certain worldwide diseases that result from the wide- spread adoption of an inappropriate lifestyle (involving inadequate exercise and an unhealthy diet). These include obesity, cardiovas- cular disease, dyslipidemias, insulin-resistance, and type II diabe- tes. Another future research goal may involve modulation of the network subserving signaling for TH and some analogues/deriva- tives as a way of improving adaptation to endocrine and other environmental signals. References Aguer, C., Harper, M.E., 2012. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: endocrine aspects. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 26 (6), 805–819 . Antonelli, A., Fallahi, P., Ferrari, S.M., Di Domenicantonio, A., Moreno, M., Lanni, A., Goglia, F., 2011. 3,5-Diiodo- L -thyronine increases resting metabolic rate and reduces body weight without undesirable side effects. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 25 (4), 655–660 . Aquilano, K., Vigilanza, P., Baldelli, S., Pagliei, B., Rotilio, G., Ciriolo, M.R., 2010. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC- 1alpha) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) reside in mitochondria: possible direct function in mitochondrial biogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. B 285 (28), 21590–21599 . Arnold, S., Goglia, F., Kadenbach, B., 1998. 3,5-Diiodothyronine binds to subunit Va of cytochrome-c oxidase and abolishes the allosteric inhibition of respiration by ATP. Eur. J. Biochem. 252 (2), 325–330 . Attia, R.R., Connnaughton, S., Boone, L.R., Wang, F., Elam, M.B., Ness, G.C., Cook, G.A., Park, E.A., 2010. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) by thyroid hormone: role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1 alpha). J. Biol. Chem. 285, 2375–2385 . Axelband, F., Dias, J., Ferrão, F.M., Einicker-Lamas, M.J., 2011. Nongenomic signaling pathways triggered by thyroid hormones and their metabolite 3- iodothyronamine on the cardiovascular system. J. Cell. Physiol. 226 (1), 21–28 . Azzu, V., Jastroch, M., Divakaruni, A.S., Brand, M.D., 2010. The regulation and turnover of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1797 (6–7), 785–791 . Bassett, J.H., Harvey, C.B., Williams, G.R., 2003. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 213 (1), 1–11 . Baxter, J.D., Webb, P., 2009. Thyroid hormone mimetics: potential applications in atherosclerosis, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8, 308–320 . Bergh, J.J., Lin, H.Y., Lansing, L., Mohamed, S.N., Davis, F.B., Mousa, S., Davis, P.J., 2005. Integrin alphaVbeta3 contains a cell surface receptor site for thyroid hormone that is linked to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 146 (7), 2864–2871 . Berkenstam, A., Kristensen, J., Mellstro, M.K., Carlsson, B., Malm, J., Rehnmark, S., Garg, N., Andersson, C.M., Rudling, M., Sjo berg, F., Angelin, B., Baxter, J.D., 2008. The thyroid hormone mimetic compound KB2115 lowers plasma LDL cholesterol and stimulates bile acid synthesis without cardiac effects in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 663–667 . Bianco, A.C., 2011. Minireview: cracking the metabolic code for thyroid hormone signaling. Endocrinology 152 (9), 3306–3311 . Bigler, J., Hokanson, W., Eisenman, R.N., 1992. Thyroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity is potentially autoregulated by truncated forms of the receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 (5), 2406–2417 . Brent, G.A., 2012. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. J. Clin. Invest. 122 (9), 3035–3043 . Carazo, A., Levin, J., Casas, F., Seyer, P., Grandemange, S., Busson, M., Pessemesse, L., Wrutniak-Cabello, C., Cabello, G., 2012. Protein sequences involved in the mitochondrial import of the 3,5,3 0 -
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