modul New Uzbekistan

VOCABULARY
Transaction- kelishuv, bitim
Market economy – bozor iqtisodiyoti
Planned economy- rejalashtirilgan iqtisodiyot
Mixed economy – aralash iqtisodiyot
Mainstream – hukmron tendensiya
National product – milliy mahsulot
Economic institution – iqtisodiy institut


Question
1. How shall goods be produced?
2. How is the total of the national product to be distributed among different individuals and families?
3. By whom and with what resources (using what technology) the total of the national product to be distributed among different individuals and families?
4. What kinds and quantities of goods shall be produced?

1.22 –modul

Production and Costs. Gram: Determiners and pronouns III. Reflexive pronouns

What Are Production Costs?
Production costs refer to all of the direct and indirect costs businesses face from manufacturing a product or providing a service. Production costs can include a variety of expenses, such as labor, raw materials, consumable manufacturing supplies, and general overhead.
Production costs refer to the costs a company incurs from manufacturing a product or providing a service that generates revenue for the company.
Production costs can include a variety of expenses, such as labor, raw materials, consumable manufacturing supplies, and general overhead.
Total product costs can be determined by adding together the total direct materials and labor costs as well as the total manufacturing overhead costs.
Understanding Production Costs
Production costs, which are also known as product costs, are incurred by a business when it manufactures a product or provides a service. These costs include a variety of expenses. For example, manufacturers have production costs related to the raw materials and labor needed to create the product. Service industries incur production costs related to the labor required to implement the service and any costs of materials involved in delivering the service.
Taxes levied by the government or royalties owed by natural resource-extraction companies are also treated as production costs.1 Once a product is finished, the company records the product's value as an asset in its financial statements until the product is sold. Recording a finished product as an asset serves to fulfill the company's reporting requirements and inform shareholders.
Total product costs can be determined by adding together the total direct materials and labor costs as well as the total manufacturing overhead costs.1 Data like the cost of production per unit can help a business set an appropriate sales price for the finished item.
To arrive at the cost of production per unit, production costs are divided by the number of units manufactured in the period covered by those costs. To break even, the sales price must cover the cost per unit. Prices that are greater than the cost per unit result in profits, whereas prices that are less than the cost per unit result in losses.1
Types of Production Costs
Production incurs both fixed costs and variable costs. For example, fixed costs for manufacturing an automobile would include equipment as well as workers' salaries. As the rate of production increases, fixed costs remain steady.
Variable costs increase or decrease as production volume changes. Utility expenses are a prime example of a variable cost, as more energy is generally needed as production scales up.
There may be options available to producers if the cost of production exceeds a product's sale price. The first thing they may consider doing is lowering their production costs. If this isn't feasible, they may need to reconsider their pricing structure and marketing strategy to determine if they can justify a price increase or if they can market the product to a new demographic. If neither of these options works, producers may have to suspend their operations or shut down permanently.
How are production costs defined?
For an expense to qualify as a production cost it must be directly connected to generating revenue for the company. Manufacturers carry production costs related to the raw materials and labor needed to create their products. Service industries carry production costs related to the labor required to implement and deliver their service. Royalties owed by natural resource-extraction companies also are treated as production costs, as are taxes levied by the government.
How are production costs calculated?
Production incurs both direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs for manufacturing an automobile, for example, would be materials like plastic and metal, as well as workers' salaries. Indirect costs would include overhead such as rent and utility expenses. Total product costs can be determined by adding together the total direct materials and labor costs as well as the total manufacturing overhead costs. To determine the product cost per unit of product, divide this sum by the number of units manufactured in the period covered by those costs.