Neuro-physiological basis of sensations Visual senses Muscle movement sensations, static sensations

Hearing senses
The sense of hearing consists in hearing sounds, which reflect musical and noisy sounds. Usually, sounds are divided into simple and complex types, the first of which has a tone, and the second consists of several tones. One of the tones is considered the main tone, which determines the height and power of the sound, and the other tones are called overtones. The uniqueness of sounds emanating from musical instruments is called timbre in scientific language. Even speech sounds are composed of tones (vowels) or noises (consonants).
The organ of auditory senses is the ear, which consists of the auditory canal with the external auditory canal. Those ears are made up of a drum membrane and three bones attached to it: the malleus, the shaft, and the stirrup. The inner ear (labyrinth of the ear) is made up of three parts that are not connected to each other.
The outer ear acts as a speaker that collects air waves. The eardrum and the bones attached to it transmit air waves to the inner ear. The middle ear is connected with the mouth and nasal cavity through a special path. The upper part of the inner ear consists of three semicircular canals, the middle part is the chamber, and the lower part is the shell.
All three compartments of the inner ear are made up of a fluid called endolymph. The main part of the inner ear consists of a shell, inside which there is a cortical organ, which has the shape of a dome, and a membrane is located at the base. The membrane consists of elastic fibers of decreasing length, which resemble a taut net. In its upper part there are special, rod-shaped cells and they are called cortical arches. The fibers of the membrane are located in the part of the skin of the large hemispheres through the corneal folds with the help of special cells with thin arms to the endolymph.
Hearing sensations are created when sound-producing bodies vibrate due to the movement of air waves. If musical sounds are caused by slow movements of air waves, noisy sounds are caused by their uneven movements. The human hearing organ receives sounds that vibrate from 16 to 20,000 times per second.