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S o b iq Ittifoq p sixologiyasida shaxs ta ’rifi
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S o b iq Ittifoq p sixologiyasida shaxs ta ’rifi U m u m i y psixologiya fa n id a sh ax sn in g shakllan ish i va riv o jla n is h i q o n u n i y a t l a r i h a m d a u la rn in g m e x a n iz m la r i t a d q i q q i l in a d i. Bu h a q d a p six o lo g la r shaxsga n is b a ta n t u r l i c h a t a ’r if b e rg an lar va u n i n g tuzilishini o ‘ziga xos tarz d a t a s a v v u r q i l g a n l a r . Q u y i d a m u a l l i f l a r n i n g a y r i m l a r i va u l a r n i n g fikrlariga q is q a c h a t o kxtalib o ‘tam iz. A . G . K o v a l e v n i n g f i k r i c h a , sh a x s — b u ijtim oiy m u - n o s a b a t l a m i n g h a m o b y e k ti, h a m subyektidir. A . N .L e o n t e v u s h b u m a s a l a g a b o s h q a c h a r o q y o n d a s h ib , u n g a s h u n d a y t a ’r i f b e r a d i : s h a x s — b u fa o liy a t s u b y e k tid ir. K . K . P l a - 72 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi t o n o v n i n g ta lqiniga q a r a g a n d a : j a m i y a t d a o ‘z ro lin i a n g - lovchi, ishga layoqatli, y a r o q li a ’zosi shaxs d e y ila d i. Bu m u a m m o n i n g m o h i y a t i n i c h u q u r r o q o c h i s h g a h a r a k a t qilgan S .L .R u b i n s h t e y n t a 'r i f i c h a , shaxs — b u ta s h q i t a ’- s i r l a r y o ‘n a lis h in i o ‘z g a r t i r u v c h i ich k i s h a r t - s h a r o i t l a r m a jm u y id i r . B i z n in g c h a , n iu ay y an j a m o a a ’zosi, j i s m o n i y , j i n s iy , i j t i m o i y k a m o l o t g a e r i s h g a n , b i o l o g i k v a s o t s i o l o g i k s h a r t l a n g a n xislatlar egasi, o ‘z im k o n iy a tl a r i n i r o ‘y o b g a c h i q a r u v c h i , bilim ga in tilu v c h i, faoliyat, xulq, m u o m a l a su b y ek ti shaxs deyiladi. P s ix o l p g i y a f a n id a b i r - b i r i g a y a q i n , l e k i n a y n i y a t boM m agan t u s h u n c h a l a r q o l l a n i l i b kelinadi, c h u n o n c h i : o d a m , sh ax s, individ. U l a r n i n g m o h iy a tin i a n i q r o q i z o h l a b b c rish u c h u n h a r b irin in g p six o lo g ik tabiatin i ta h lil q i l is h m a q s a d g a muvofiq. O d a m . S u te m iz u v c h i l a r sin fig a d a x ld o r l ik , b i o l o g i k j o n z o t ek a n lig i o d a m n i n g o 'z i g a xos x u s u s iy a tid ir , T i k y u rish lik , q o 'l la r n i n g m e h n a t faoliyatiga m o s l a s h g a n l i g i, y u k s a k t a r a q q i y e tg a n m iy a g a egaligi, u n i n g o ‘z i g a x o s t o m o n la rid ir. Ijtimoiy j o n z o t sifatida o d a m o n g b ila n q u r o l - langanligi tufayli bo rliq n i o n g l i aks ettirish q o b i l i y a t i d a n t a s h q a r i o ‘z qiziqish va e h t i y o j la r i g a m u t a n o s i b u n i o ' z g a r - tirish im k o n iy a tig a h a m eg a d ir. S h a x s . M e h n a t tu f a y l i h a y v o n o t o l a m i d a n a j r a l i b c h i q q a n va jam iy atd a rivojlanuvchi, til yordam i bilan, b o s h q a kishilar b ilan m u lo q o tg a k ir i s h u v c h i o d a m sh ax sg a a y l a n d i . S h a x s n in g asosiy tavsifi ij ti m o i y m o h iy a ti h i s o b l a n a d i . Individ. H a r b ir inson b e t a k r o r o ‘ziga xos x u s u s iy a tla rg a ega. S h a x s n in g o ‘ziga x o s q i r r a la r i n i n g m u j a s s a m l a s h u v i i n d iv id u a llik n i vujudga k e l t i r a d i . In d ividuallik s h a x s n i n g in te lle k tu a l, e m o tsio n a l v a i ro d a v iy s o h a la r id a n a m o y o n b o ‘ladi. S o b iq Ittifoq p s ix o lo g iy a sid a sh ax sn in g tu z i l is h i g a o i d e n g k o lp tarq a lg an m a t e r ia ll a r b i la n q is q a c h a t a n i s h a m i z . S . L . R u b i n s h t e y n t a ’l i m o t i g a k o ‘ra , s h a x s q u y i d a g i tuzilishga ega: www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 1. Yo'nalganlik — b u e h tiy o jla r, q i z iq is h la r, id eallar, e ’t i q o d la r , faoliyat v a x u l q n i n g u stu v o r m o tivlari h a m d a d u n y o q a r a s h l a r d a i f o d a la n a d i. 2 .B ilim la r , k o 'n ik m a la r , m a la k a la r — b u h a y o t va fa oliyat j a r a y o n i d a e g a lla n a d i. 3. Individual-tipologik xususiyatlar — bu t e m p e r a m e n t , x a r a k t e r , q o b iliy a tla rd a a k s etadi. K.K .Platonov t a ’li m o t i g a k o ‘ra, shaxs tuzilishi q uyi- dagi shaklga ega: 1. Yo'nalganlik o sttu zilish i— b u n d a sh a x s n in g axloqiy qiyofasi va m u n o s a b a t l a r i birlashtiriladi. U n d a n h a r a k a t- c h a n l i k , b arq a ro rlik , j a d a ll i k , k o l a m (h a jm ) d a ra ja la rin i fa rq la s h lozim. 2. fjtim o iy ta jr ib a o s ttu z ilis h i — t a ' l i m v o s i t a s i d a , sh ax s iy ta jrib ad a e g a ll a n g a n bilim lar, k o 'n i k m a va o d a t l a r q a m r a b olinadi. 3. P sixologik a k s e ttirish sh a k lla ri o sttu zilish i — bu ijtim o iy t u r m u s h j a r a y o n i d a sh akllanuvc hi bilish j a r a y o n - la r i n in g individual xususiyatlaridir. . Biologik shartlangan osttuziHsh — bu m iya m orfologik .V*..J o l o g i k xususiyatlariga m uayyan darajada b o g l i q b o'lgan p a t o l o g i k 0 ‘z g a ris h la rn i, sh a x s n in g yo sh , j in s xususiyatlari v a u n i n g tipologik x u su s iy a tla rin i birlashtiradi. A .G .K ovalev t a ’l i m o t i g a k o ‘ra, shaxs m a n a b u n d a y tuzilish g a ega: 1. Yo'nalg a nlik — v o q e l i k k a n i s b a t a n i n s o n m u n o - s a b a ti n i a n iq la y d i va u n g a o ‘z a ro t a ’sir e tu v c h i h a r xil xususiy atli g ‘oyaviy v a a m a l iy y o 1 - y o ‘riqlar, q iziqishlar, e h t i y o j l a r kiradi. U s t u v o r y o ‘nalg an lik shaxsning b archa psixik faoliyatini belgilaydi. 2. Im koniyatlar — b u faoliyatning niuvaffaqiyatli am alga o shishini ta 'm in lo v ch i h a m d a o 'z a ro t a ’sir etuvchi va turlicha o lz a r o b o g ‘liq b o 'l g a n qobiliy a tla rd ir. 3 .X a r a k te r — i jtim o iy m u h i td a sh ax sn in g x u l q - a t v o r u s lu b in i belgilaydi. O d a m n i n g ruhiyati, shakli va m a z m u n i u n d a n a m o y o n b o 'l a d i . X a r a k t e r tiz i m i d a n iro d a v iy va m a 'n a v i y sifatlar ajra tila d i. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 4. M ashqlar tizimi — lia y o t va faoliyat. h a r a k a t v a x u l q - a t v o r n i t u z a t i s h , o lzini o ‘zi n a z o r a t q ilis h , o ‘z in i o kzi b o s h q a r is h n i t a 'm in la y d i. H ozirgi k u n d a va kelajakda shaxsga subyektiv m u n o s a b a t t n u a m m o s i n i ijtim oiy j i h a t d a n t u r m u s h d a q a r o r t o p t i r i s h u c h u n : o d a m ( i n d i v i d ) — i n s o n — s h a x s — i n d i v i d u a l ! i k — s u b y e k t — k o m ill i k ( b a r k a m o l l i k ) i y e r a r x i y a s i g a r i o y a qilinadi. S h a x s g a n i s b a t a n s u b y e k t i v m u n o s a b a t , y a ’ni u n d a r o b o t s if a t i d a m a jb u riy lik t a m o y i l i g a a s o s l a n i b ( b a r c h a x u s u siy a tla rn i b ir tekis s h a k ll a n t i r is h m u m k in , d e g a n x a to n a z a r i y a d a n v o z k e c h is h ) i n s o n q a r s h il ik k o ' r s a t i s h i n i h is o b g a o lu v ch i y o n d a s h u v n i y o lIga q o ‘y ish , s u b y e k t — s u b y e k t aloqasini v u ju d g a keltirish. H a r q a n d a y subyekt — s h a x s, lekin h a r q a y si s h a x s s u b y e k t e m a slig i m u a m m o s i n i y e c h is h î o z i m . B u n i n g u c h u n m u staq il fikrlashga e g a b o l i s h , shaxsiy p o z i t s i y a n i h i m o y a qila olish, g loyani a m a l g a oshirish y o l i d a t o ‘s iq la rn i p isa n d qilmaelik, m u s t a h k a m i s h o n c h , q a t ’iy m a s la k , i m o n neg izig a asoslanish, in tilis h d a irodaviy b a r q a r o r l i k u s t u - vorligiga erishish. D u n y o q a r a s h va u n i h a y o t g a t a t b i q q i - lis h n in g obyek tiv va su b y e k tiv s h a r t- s h a r o i t l a r i m a v j u d - ligiga i q r o r b o l i s h h a m d a u n i t a n olish va h o k a z o . B i z n in g c h a , individ, s h a x s , su b y ek t va k o m i l i n s o n t o ‘g ‘risid a m u l o h a z a l a r y u r i t i l g a n d a u l a r n i n g o n g s i z l i k , ongostlilik (m uvofiqlashuv), onglilik va o ‘ta onglilik h o la tla ri b i l a n u z v iy a l o q a d o r l ig i n i u n u t m a s l i k lo z i m . Y u q o r i d a keitirilgan a ta m a la ro n g li m a v ju d o tg a taalluqli ekanligi j a h o n psixologiyasi fa n in in g ilm iy m a n b a l a r i d a a t r o f l i c h a t a l q i n q il in g a n , lekin u la rn in g iyera rx iy asi, m o h i y a t i b a y o n i d a tu r l i c h a y o n d a s h u v ia r m a v j u d . M a z k u r m a q s a d n i c h u q u r - ro q o c h i s h g a y o ‘naltirilg an n a z a r i y a la r o ‘ta b a h s li b o ‘lib, lin in g z a m i n i d a faqat o n g y o tis h i ta s d iq la n g a n . A s l id a e s a inson ixtiyoriy d iqqat, ixtiyoriy xo tira va m u a y y a n m a q s a d g a a s o s l a n a d i . B i r o n - b i r f a o l i y a t i n s o n t o m o n i d a n t a s h k i l q il in g a n d a g i n a o n g s h a x s n in g u s h b u faoliyatini r e g u la t o r i ( b o s h q a ru v c h is i) vazifasini o ktaydi. B iroq o d a m f u n k s i o n a l www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi h o l a t i n i n g o ‘z g a r i s h i b i l a n o n g l i l i k d a n o n g s i z l i k (ix - tiy o rs iz lik ) k a o 't i b , ijo d , t a s h a b b u s u n in g u c h u n m u o m a l a , fa oliyat negiziga ay lan ish i o l a r o q , shaxs asta m uvofiqlashuv h o la t i g a kirib borishi m u m k i n . S h u bois shaxs b i r d a v r n in g o kz i d a h a r u c h a l a h o l a t (onglilik, ongsizlik, on g o stlilik ) h u k m i o s t id a y a s h a s h i, faoliyat k o ‘rsatishi, ijod qilishi, m u o m a l a g a k irishishi m u m k i n . H a r u c h a l a h o l a t o m ili n e g i z i d a sh a x s n in g k a m o l o t i vujudga keladi, u l a r n i n g h a r qaysisi b u ja ra y o n g a o ‘ziga xos ulush q o ‘shadi. O n g holatlari t a b ii y ra v ish d a b ir-b iri b i la n uzluksiz t a rz d a o ‘rin a lm a s h ib t u r a d i , c h u n k i in s o n ixtiyorsiz, ixtiyoriy va ix tiyoriyda n k e y i n g i b o s q i c h l a r h u k m i o s ti d a y a s h a s h i v a f a o liy a t k o 'r s a t i s h i m u m k in . X X I a srd a y a s h o v c h i inson ongli, on g o sti v a ongsizlik h o l a t l a r i d a n ta s h q a r i o ‘z - o ‘zini anglash im k o n iy a tig a h a m e g a . S h u b o i s o ‘z - o ‘z i n i a n g l a s h n i q u y i d a g i t a r k i b i y q is m la r g a ajratish m a q s a d g a muvofiq: 1) o ‘t m is h d a g i „ m e n “ ( „ o 'z l i k “ ); 2) hozirgi „ m e n “ ( „ o kzlik“ ); 3 ) b o klglusi „ m e n “ ( „ o kzlik“ ); » 4) ideal „ m e n “ ( „ o ‘z l i k “ ); 5) d i n a m i k „ m e n “ ( „ o kzlik“ ). O kz - o kzini a n g l a s h j a r a y o n i m illiy o kzligini a n g la sh b i l a n u zviy bogMiq b o ‘lib, m u a y y a n vaqt, m u d d a t o ‘ti- s h i n i , y a ’ni m a ' l u m d a v r n i t a q o z o e ta d i, le k in u h a m e v o l u t s i o n , h a m re v o lu t s i o n y o l t a ’sirida a m a l g a oshishi m u m k i n . 0 ‘z - o ‘zini a n g l a s h borliq va j a m i y a t n i i n ’ikos e t i s h n i n g yu q o ri b o s q i c h i sanalib, pirovard n atija sifatida y u z a g a keladi, i n s o n n in g d o n ish m an d lig in i n a m o y is h qiladi. 0 ‘z - o ‘z in i a n g la s h b e s h ta r k i b d a n ib o rat b o ‘lib, u o ‘ta m u r a k k a b j a r a y o n h i s o b l a n i b , u n in g tarkiblari b ir i n - k e t i n a n g l a s h i l i s h i m k o n i y a t i g a eg a c m a s . C h u n k i , i n s o n d a o ‘z i n i n g hayoti va faoliyati y u tu q la rin i, n u q s o n l a r in i, x u lq- a t v o r k o kn ik m a l a r in i , a q l - i d r o k d arajalarin i, ichki im k o - n i y a t z a x ir a la r i n i , q a d r i y a t h a m d a m a ’n a v i y a t k o 'r s a t - k ic h la rin i o q i lo n a b a h o l a s h yetishm aydi. S h a x s d a t a n q i d va o lz - o ‘zini t a n q id , b a h o l a s h va o ‘z - o ‘zini b a h o l a s h , te k sh i- rish v a o lz - o kzini t e k s h i r i s h , n az o rat qilish va o kz - o kzini 76 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi n a z o r a t qilish, b o s h q a rish v a o ‘z - o ‘zini b o s h q a r is h , t a k o - m illa sh tiris h v a o ‘z - o ‘zini ta k o m i ll a s h ti r i s h , riv o j l a n ti r i s h va o ‘z - o ‘zini rivojlantirish m u ta n o s ib lig i m a q s a d g a j a v o b bera olm aydi. Individual v a ijtim oiy o n g ning t o b o ra rivojlanib b o r i s h i m a z k u r m u t a n o s i b l i k n i a m a l g a o s h i r i s h n i t a ’m i n la y d i, bu esa m u a y y a n m u d d a t n i ta la b q iladi. I n s o n o kz - o ‘z i n i a n g l a s h j a r a y o n i d a k o ‘p i n c h a rc a llik d a n b o s hlaydi, hozirgi v a fa v q u io d d a g i h o l a t n i ta h lil q i l a d i , s h a x s i y i m k o n i y a t i b i l a n t a q q o s l a y d i , m a ' l u m m c z o n y oki n a m u n a , i b r a t t a n l a b , u n g a t e n g l a s h i s h g a i n t i l a d i . K e y i n c h a l i k e s a u n i k e la ja k , i s t iq b o l r e j a l a r i qiziqtiradi, o kzining n im a la rg a qodirligi y u za sid a n m u l o h a z a y u rita d i, bu h o r a d a m u a y y a n q a r o r q abul q ilishga e r is h a d i, lekin b u q a r o rla r ongli yoki oqilligiga s h u b h a la n a d i. S h u n g a q a r a m a y u n i b ir n c c h a m a r t a ta hlil qilish, q i y o sla sh , u n g a o 'z g a r ti r i s h la r kiritish, y a n g ila s h orq a li b o klg ‘usi „ m e n d i g a aniqlik kiritadi va faollik m c x a n i z m ig a aylantiradi. 0 * z - o kzini a n g l a s h n i n g n a v b a td a g i b o s q i c h i d a s h a x s o 't m i s h i n i tahlil qiladi, u n d a g i qusu rli va ibratli j i h a t l a r n i o ‘z a r o qiy o slab ustu v o rlik n i a n iq la s h g a in tilad i, b u b o r a d a a y r im siljishlarga erishadi. I j tim o iy h a y o t d a n u o ‘z ig a id e a l b o 'l u v c h i s h a x s n i t a n l a y d i va u n d a g i i j o b iy x i s l a t l a r , x ususiyat v a k o 'r i n i s h l a m i , k o ‘rs a tk ic h la rn i o ' z i d a m u j a s - s a m l a s h t i r a b o r a d i. S h a x s o ‘z - o ‘zini a n g la s h d a v o m i d a d i n a m i k h a r a k a t s i z h e c h b i r n a r s a n i r o ‘y o b g a c h i q a r a olm asligiga i q r o r b o l a d i , n a t ija d a uzluksiz h a r a k a tla rn i a s ta - sek in , b ird a n ig a , tav a k k a lig a a m a lg a o sh irish lo z im li g i n i t u s h u n i b y etad i. D i n a m i k h o l a t n i b a h o l a s h , t e k s h i r i s h , n a z o r a t q i l is h , b o s h q a r i s h n a t i j a s i d a d i n a m i k , , m e n “ s h a k l l a n a b o s hlaydi. 0 ‘z - o ‘zini a n g l a s h n in g b e s h t a r k i b i y q is m i b i r xilda i n s o n n i n g m a ’naviy d u n y o s ig a a y l a n s a , b u u n d a m u k a m m a l l i k , b a r k a m o l l i k d a ra ja si v u j u d g a k e l - g a n lig id a n dalo latd ir. 0 ‘z - o 'z i n i anglash s h a x s n i n g fazilatiga a y la n ish i u c h u n m u a y y a n d av r, vaqt, n i u d d a t t a la b qilin a d i, s h u n i n g u c h u n o kq u v c h iIa r va re s p u b li k a m i z n i n g b o s h q a f u q a ro la ri b i l a n d a s t u r i y t a d b i r - c h o r a l a r o ‘t k a z i s h o r q a l i k o ' z l a n g a n m a q s a d g a erishish m u m k i n . www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi X X I asr o d a m la r i k o m illik n i e ga llovc hi, y a ’ni kom il i n s o n l i k k a i n t il u v c h í s h a x s l a r d a n ta rk ib t o p i s h i lo z im . K o m i l li k n in g b i r n e c h t a m e z o n la ri m av ju d boMib, u n d a j i s m o n i y b a r k a m o l l i k , a x lo q íy b a r k a m o l li k , b e í a k r o r li k , a q l - z a k o v a t l i l i k s i n g a r i s h a x s n i n g i j t i m o i y - t a r b i y a v i y t a r k i b l a r i o ‘z ifo d a sin i t o p a d i . K o m i l lik n i n g o ‘ziga xos b o s q i c h l a r i , o b y e k t i v v a s u b y e k t i v x u s u s i y a t l i s h a r t - s h a r o it l a r i, o m illa ri m a v ju d d ir. K o m il i n s o n im k o n iy a ti c h e k s i z , o ‘z i q t i d o r i , i s t e ’d o d i , s a l o h i y a t i , q o b i l i y a t i , d o n i s h m a n d l i g i , q o m u s iy lig i biian o ‘z z a m o n d o s h l a r i d a n se z ila rli d a r a j a d a ilg a rila b k e tg a n , b c t a k r o r , o kta o ngli, b io s fe r a v a n eo sfera m u n o s a b a t la r in i anglo v ch i ongli zotdir. B i z n i n g c h a , b u d a r a ja g a b a r c h a fu q a ro la r erish ish i m k o - n iy a tig a ega em a s , c h u n k i b u n in g o ‘ziga xos h a m obyektiv, h a m s u b y e k t i v o m i l l a r i , s h a r t - s h a r o i t l a r i m a v j u d . S h u s a b a b d a n s h u n c h a k i in tilish , m ayl, lay o q at bilan y uksak k a m o l o t c h o ‘qqisiga e r is h i b b o l m a y d i , m a z k u r ijtim oiy h o l a t n i c h u q u r r o q t a d q i q qilish fa raz la rim iz ni y o ta sd iq - lay d i, yoki in k o r qiladi. X X I a s r o d a m l a r i i n s o n p a r v a r l i k g ' o y a l a r i n i a k s e t t i r u v c h i kish ila rn in g tim s o l i sifatida h a y o t va faoliyatda o * z - o ‘z in i n a z o ra t q ilish , o ‘z - o ‘zini b a h o la s h , o kz - o ‘ziga b u y r u q b erish , o lz - o ‘z in i ifodalay olish, o ‘z - o ‘zini k a m o l t o p t i r i s h , o ‘z - o ‘z i n i k a s h f q ilis h i m k o n i y a t l a r i g a e g a b o M m o q la ri lo z im , b u , o ‘z n a v b a tid a , m u a y y a n tarixiy d a v r n i t a q o z o etadi. M u sta q illik va u n i n g n e 'm a tl a r i re s p u b lik a m iz fuqa - r o la r id a t u b o ‘zgarishlarni vujudga keltirishga m u h i m z a m in h o z i r la s h d a d a v o m e tadi. Milliy tu y g ‘u, milliy qiyofa, milliy x a r a k te r , m illiy t a ’b, m illiy kuy va raqs, m illiy m a 'n a v iy a t , q a d r iy a t t a ’siri o s tid a o 'z i n i n g tu b m o h iy a tin i aks ettira b o s h l a y d i . L ekin b u i m k o n i y a td a n t o ‘la fo y d a la n ish u c h u n b a r c h a xalq yetarli d a r a j a d a tayyor e m a s , c h u n k i h a r bir s h a x s ru h iy a tid a e h tiyoj b il a n im k oniya t o ‘rtasid a m u a y y a n q a r a m a - q a r s h i l i k l a r h u k m suradi. O lza ro m u n o s a b a t d a h a r b i r i n s o n b ird a n ig a o ‘zig a teng lik alo n ia tin i q o ‘ya o lm a y d i, c h u n k i s h a x s l a r o r a s i d a t a f o v u t l a r m a v j u d b o 'l g a n l i g i tu fa y li „ s u n ' i y ' l i k k a y o l q o ‘yish o d a tiy tu s oigan. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi 0 ‘t m i s h n i n g b o y m e r o s i , u n i n g i j t i m o i y - t a r i x i y a n ’a n a l a r i , r a s m - r u s u m l a r i , m a r o s i m l a r i m i l l i y is tiq lo l tufayli o ' z egalariga q a y ta r ilis h ig a q a r a m a y , x a lq u n i n g h u k m d o r i g a a y la n is h ig a r u h i y j i h a t d a n t a y y o r e m a s d i r . L e k in v aq t o ‘tg an s ayin f u q a r o l a r n i n g ijtim o iy o n g i a s t a - s e k in o 'z g a r i b borish i n a tija s id a ulardagi e t n o p s i x o l o g i k x u s u siy a tla r tik la n a b o s h la y d i, milliylik, u m u m b a s h a r i y l i k xislatlari o ‘rta s id a a d o l a t l i l i k , t e n g h u q u q l i l i k a l o q a l a r i o ‘r n a t i l a b o r a d i. B a y n a l m i l a l l i k m illiy lik , m i l l i y b ir l i k x u s u s i y a t la r i b i l a n u y g ' u n l a s h i s h d a d a v o m e t s a , b o r a - b o r a m illiy b irlik x u s u s i y a t la r i m i l l a t l a r a r o n i u n o s a b a t o ‘z a r o t u s h u n i s h , o ‘z a ro y a q i n l i k , o ' z a r o m o s l i k n c g i z i g a q u r i l a d i. X X I a s r d a s h a x s n i s h a k l l a n t i r i s h d a , a x l o q - o d o b q o id a la r in i ijtim oiy t u r m u s h d a q a r o r t o p t ir i s h d a d i n , s h u j u m la d a n , isloni dini h a m o ‘zin in g ijobiy t a ’sirini o 't k a z i s h d a d a v o m etadi. D iniy b ilim la r n in g m o h iy atig a t u s h u n u v c h i l a r safi kengayadi, ularga rioya qiluvchilar, ito a tg o ‘y !a r k o 'l a m i o r t a d i , u n in g atrib u tlari (h a r a k a tla r i ) n i q a b u l q i l u v c h i l a r m i q d o r i k o ‘payadi. Q u r ' o n i K a r i m , H a d is la r t a ’siri sh a x s n i shakllantirishda m u h im vositaga va h arakatlantiruvchi k u ch g a a y l a n a d i , i m o n f a o ll ik t u s h u n c h a s i d a n h a r a k a t , x u l q reg u la to ri vazifasini b a ja rish g a o 's i b 0 ‘ta d i, i n s o n l a r o ' r t a - s id a pok lik , ro s tg o ‘ylik, s a m im iy lik , h a m d a r d l i k , o ‘z a r o y o r d a m tuyg'ulari h a m d a nisbiy tcnglikni kcltirib c h iq a r ish g a x i z m a t q iladi. S h a x s l a r a r o m u n o s a b a t d a t e n g l i k , j i n s i y t a f o v u t n i odil b a h o l a s h , h a q c h i l l i k k ab i u m u m i n s o n i y x u su siy atlarn i ta rk ib t o p t i r i s h d a d in iy a d a b i y o t l a r n i n g roli y a n a d a o rtad i, t o b o r a o m m a v iy la s h a v e r a d i. L e k i n d i n b ila n fa n n i bir-b irig a q a r a m a - q a r s h i q o ‘yish v a z iy a tig a b a r h a m b e rish ijtim oiy-tarixiy ta r a q q i y o tn i n g k afolati h i s o b l a n a d i , b u n g a a j d o d l a r i m i z ( I b n S i n o , A l - F o r o b i y , B e r u n i y , U l u g ‘b e k va b o s h q a l a r ) n i n g tajribasi y o r q i n m is o ld ir. Y e r k u rrasid a ijtim o iy m u v o flq la s h u v n in g m a v ju d lig i, y o s h l a r o ' r t a s i d a g ‘a r b s i v ili z a ts i y a s ig a ( k i y i n i s h , r a q s t u s h i s h , q o 's h i q a y t is h , h i s s iy o t g a b e r i l i s h g a ) n i s b a t a n m u v a q q a t q iziqish, in tilish , e h ti y o j n in g m a v j u d b o ‘lishi m illiylikni 25 — 30 yilga k e c h ik tiris h xavflni t u g ‘d i r a d i . www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi M i l li y l i k n in g k u c h a y is h i y e tu k lik d avriga t o ‘g*ri keladi, lek in s h u vaqt o ra lig 'id a k o ‘p n arsalar boy berilgan bo'lad ik i, s h u n d a m a z k u r uzilishni tiklash u c h u n avlodlar o 'r ta s id a u m u m i y birlik, milliy ste re o tip yaratilishi z a ru r b o l a d i . X X I a s r b o s h i d a h a m re s p u b li k a m i z f u q a r o l a r i n i n g o n g i d a g i , fikrlash v o s i t a s i d a g i , t u r m u s h ta r z i d a g i ta f o - v u t l a r m a v j u d lig i o ‘l a r o q , u l a r o ‘rt a s i d a t a b a q a l a n i s h s a q l a n i b qoladi. Ekologik m a d a n iy a t, biosfera va neosferaga x a v f k e ltiru v c h i i l m i y - t a d q iq o t l a r in so n a q l-z a k o v a ti bilan b o s h q a r i l a d i , ajal q u r o l l a r i o ‘m i n i x a y r ix o h li k , o ‘z a r o y o r d a m , u m u m b a s h a r i y x u s u s i y a t l a r eg a lla y d i, j a m i y a t v a t a b i a t n i asrash o d a m l a r n i n g e 'ti q o d i g a a y la n a b o ra d i. M a m l a k a t l a r a r o fazoviy a lo q a l a r kengayishi n atijasid a fan v a t e x n i k a m a h s u l l a r i g a m u a y y a n a n i q l i k l a r k i ritila d i, u l a r n i n g riv o jlanishida integ ra tsiy a j a ra y o n i y u z a g a keladi, t a d q i q o t l a r g u r u h iy v a j a m o a v i y faoliyat negizida a m a lg a osh irilad i, bu esa m illatlarning o ‘za ro yaqinlashishiga m u h im i m k o n y a r a t a d i , m i ll a t l a r a r o m u n o s a b a t t e n g lik asosiga q u r i l s a , b i r m illat sa lo h iy a ti ikkinchisiga t a 's i r o ‘tk aza d i, m a ' n a v i y a t n a m u n a l a r i b il a n x a l q l a r n in g b o y is h i shaxs k a m o l o t i u c h u n m u h i m ncgiz hozirlaydi. M il la tl a r a r o ru h iy m u h i t n i n g yaratilishi fa n va tex - n i k a n i n g rivojiga ijobiy t a 's i r e ta d i, m utaxassislar ta y y o r- la s h sifatin i z a m o n talab i d arajasiga k o ‘taradi. M illa tla ra ro f i k r a l m a s h i s h , t a j r i b a l a r b il a n o ‘rt o q l a s h i s h X X I a s r o d a m l a r i n i n g m u k a m m a l l i k darajasi yuksalishiga b e m i n n a t x i z m a t qiladi. X X I a s r d a h a m o d a m l a r n i n g kam o lo ti negizi sifatida o i la , m a k t a b , ijtim oiy m u h i t , ishlab ch iq a rish o ‘z m av - q e y in i s a q la b q o la v e ra d i. S haxsni tarbiyalanishi quyidagi m a n b a l a r asosida: 1) m u a y y a n tizimli, uzluksiz tarbiyaviy, d a sturiy ta'sir; 2 ) i d e a l n a m u n a t i m s o i i d a o ‘z - o ‘z in i t a r b i y a l a s h , t a k o m i l l a s h ti r i s h ; 3) ijtim o iy m u h i td a g i sh ax slararo m u n o s a b a t d a tahlil q i l i s h , i b r a t o lish v o s i t a l a r i y o r d a m i b i l a n x u l q - o d o b , fik rla s h m a la k a la rin i egallash; 4 ) a j d o d l a r im i z y a r a t g a n b adiiy, falsafiy, s a n ’at asar- www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi larini, y angi xislatlarni 0 ‘z la sh tiris h o r q a li a m a lg a o sh iris h i m u m k i n . T a ' l i m - t a r b i y a j a r a y o n i d a r e s p u b l i k a n i n g tarixi, m a d a - niyati, u z o q a jd o d la r im iz d a n y e t i s h i b c h i q q a n j a h o n g a s h t a kishilar, i l m - f a n arboblari, m u t a f a k k i r , m a 'r i f a t p a r v a r l a r t o ‘g ‘risida b ilim la r n i yoyish y o s h l a r d a g ' u r u r v a iftixor t u y - g 'u l a r in i v u ju d g a keltiradi. O kz b e k i s t o n n i n g fan va t e x n i - kasi, u n u m d o r t u p ro g 'i, saxiy, z a h m a t k a s h xalqi, fo y d a li q a z iim a la r i, j a h o n bozoridagi p a x ta s i, ipagi, qorakoMi sal- m o g 'i h a q i d a m a ’Iu m o tn in g b e rilish i — u l a r d a milliy o n g n i o ‘s t ir a d i , m i ll i y o ‘z - o ‘zini a n g l a s h n i t a k o m i l l a s h t i r a d i , ijtim oiy faollikni ja d a lla s h tira d i, u l a r n i ijodiy iz la n is h la r sari y etak la y d i. Y o s h l a r o 'r t a s i d a milliy o r a s t a l i k — s o c h o 'stiris h , t a - rash, o ‘rish, kiyinish m a d a n iy a ti h a m d a vorislik m a s ’u - liyati, m illiy t a ' b va didga m u v o f i q ra v ish d a ish y u ritish h a q i d a m a s la h a tl a r , k o 'r s a t m a la r b e r is h yuk sak n a tija la rg a e r is h is h n in g s a m a ra li y o l i d i r . O ta - b o b o l a r i m i z d a n x a lq im iz g a m e r o s q o lg a n saxiylik, m e h m o n d o kstlik, ro s tg o ^ I ik , t a n t i li k , sad o q a tlilik , p o k lik , o d o b lilik fazilatlari milliy x a r a k t e r n i n g e n g m u h i m j i h a t i hisoblanadi. U s h b u xislatlarni t a 'l i m - t a r b i y a j a r a y o n i d a yosh avlod o n g i d a shakllantirish, u l a r r u h i y a t i n i xalq m a ’n a v iy d u r d o n a la r i bilan boyitish, m illiy q a d r iy a t la r d a n o q i l o n a f o y d a la n ish g a e ’tib o rn i q a r a tish m a q s a d g a m uv o fiq d ir. A x lo q - o d o b li b o 'lish , o t a - o n a l a r v a k a tta la rg a h u r m a t , sa m im iy lik , in oqlik, vijdonlilik, iffatlilik, o ‘za ro y o r d a m kabi in so n iy x islatlar o lzbek xalqi m a ’n a v iy a tin in g ra m z i s an a la d i. M illiy m a 'n a v iy b o y lig im iz n i o 'q u v c h i l a r c h u q u r e g a ll a s h l a r i u c h u n u n i n g b e b a h o d u r d o n a l a r i n i k e n g k o 'l a m d a n a m o y i s h q ilis h im iz , b u l a r t o ' g ‘risida y o s h l a r ong ig a m u a y y a n bilim larni y e t k a z i s h i m i z zarur. O d a m l a r n i n g bir-biriga m e h r - o q i b a t i , o q i lo n a m u n o - sa b a ti, t o ‘g ‘ri m u l o q o ti, iltifo ti, e h t i r o m i x a l q i m i z n i n g i c h k i g o ‘z a l 1 i g i n i , b o y m a ' n a v i y v a r u h i y q i y o f a s i n i ifo d ala y d i. X a lq i m i z n in g i n s o n p a r v a r l i k j i h a t i m a ’n a v iy g o ‘zalligi, v a t a n , ja m iy a t m a n f a a ti y o l i d a j o n fido qiíishi, 6 Psixologiya 81 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi in so n o so y is h ta lig i, b a x t-s a o d a ti u c h u n q a y g 'u r i s h id a o ‘z ifodasini t o p a d i . P o k qalbii, sofdil, d i y o n a t l i x a lq im iz n in g oliyjanobligi, u n i n g t a n i s h g a h am , b e g o n a g a h a m b e g 'a ra z y o r d a m q o 'li n i c h o ‘z is h id a n a m o y o n b o ‘ladi. X a lq im iz n in g ajoyib f a z i l a tla r id a n biri — d o lstlikka s a d o q a tid ir. D o lstlik b o r jo y d a m e h r - m u h a b b a t , vafo, s a d o q a t, a d o l a t , haq iq at q a r o r to p a d i. Bu e sa , o kz navbatida, i n s o n n i n g m a 'n a v iy a ti v a r u h i y a t i g a , a q l - z a k o v a t i g a t e t i k iik b a x s h e t a d i , u n i yaxshilik, s a m i m iy l i k sari yetaklaydi. O lzb e k oilasidagi tarbiyaning m o h iyati, m a z m u n i , uning kundalik va is tiq b o l rejasi, bolalarga t a ’sir o 't k a z is h vosita- larini ta n l a s h , u l a r d a n foydalanish o ‘zig a xos xususiyatga ega, c h u n k i u n i n g a so sid a xalq a n ’a n a la r i y o tadi. O ' z b e k x a l q i n i n g e t n o p s i x o l o g i k x u s u s i y a t l a r i d a n u n u m l i f o y d a l a n i s h — X X I a s r d a y a s h a s h n a sib e tg a n o d a m la r n i b a r k a m o l shaxs sifatida tarkib t o p tir is h d a m u h im o ‘rin egallaydi. S h u b o is x alq im iz n in g m illiy ruhiyatidagi b u n d a y u r f - o d a t l a r , a n ’a n a la r, u d u m l a r kelajak avlodga m e r o s t a r i q a s i d a q o ld irilish i m u q a d d a s b u r c h d ir . Y u q o r id a s a n a b o ‘tilgan ajoyib m illiy fa zilatlarim izning b arc h a s i kelaja k a j d o d l a r im i z n i n g u lu g ‘v o r czgu niyatidir, u alb atta r o ‘y o b g a c h iq a d i. Tekshirish uchun savoltar 1. S h a x s d e g a n d a S i z n i m a n i t u s h u n a s i z ? 2. S h a x s q a n d a y t u z i l i s h g a ega? 3. I n d i v i d b i l a n s h a x s n i n g o ‘x s h a s h l i g i v a f a r q i n i m a d a ? 4. S h a x s n i n g f a o l l i g i n i m a l a r d a o ‘z a k s i n i t o p a d i ? 5. S h a x s n i n g s h a k l l a n i s h o m i l l a r i h a q i d a s o ‘z l a n g . 6. 0 ‘z i n i o ‘z i a n g l a s h n i m a ? www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi |
