Of the republic of uzbekistan tashkent state pedagogical university namedafter nizami

1. a) “Homonymy Spanish. homonimia. The sound match of two 1 or more different language units. Homonymy is sound. Homonymy is lexical. Homonymy of endings. Homonymy of case forms. Homonymy of phraseological units. Partial homonymy...
b) Homonyms (equivalent words) English. homonyms, fr. homo lnymes, germ. homonyme. Two (or more) different language units that match in sound (i.e., in terms of expression). Russian ink - ink, key (in the lock) - key (spring) ”(O. S. Akhmanova. Dictionary of Linguistic Terms).
2. “Homonyms are words that sound the same but are different in meaning.
(...) Homonyms can be of different types (...) Homonyms of the first type are usually called lexical (key and key), homonyms of the second type are morphological (three and three). A special and more complex case is lexico-grammatical homonyms [like flow and flow ] ” (R. A. Budagov. Introduction to the science of language).
3. “A special phenomenon important for the nature of language is homonymy. Homonyms are two or more words that sound the same but have completely different meanings. Homonymy can have different degrees of completeness - starting from the homonymy of only individual forms (Russian, I fly - 1st l. unit from "fly" and "treat" (...)) and ending with the coincidence in the entire system of forms: ( ...) scythe: 1) "agricultural tool"; 2) "hair removal" (...) ”(L. A. Bulakhovsky. Introduction to linguistics. Part 2).
4. “Homonyms are words that differ in meaning, but are the same in sound and spelling.
Homonyms are divided into lexical and lexico-grammatical.
Lexical homonyms are words of different meanings that have the same sound and spelling in all grammatical forms. For example, the words outfit (clothes) and outfit (order) ...
Lexico-grammatical homonyms include words that do not coincide in sound and spelling in all grammatical forms. Among the lexico-grammatical homonyms, there are those in which the same grammatical forms coincide. For example, the nouns polka (action on the verb to weed) and polka (horizontal board) have the same sound and spelling in all case forms of the singular. In the plural there can be no such coincidence, since the abstract noun of the regiment of plural forms does not have” {L. A. Vvedenskaya, T. V. Dybina, I. I. Shcheboleva. Modern Russian literary language).
5. “The term "homonymy" should be applied to different words, to different lexical units that coincide in sound structure in all their forms.
(...) If homonyms are different in their semantic structure, and sometimes in morphological composition, but identical in sound structure in all their word forms, then homonyms should be distinguished not only from consonant homophonic or matching speech chains or syntactic segments of a different quality, but also from homophonic morphemes.
....However, it goes without saying that transitional and mixed types are possible here. In relation to them, you can apply the term "partial homonymy" ” (V. V. Vinogradov. On homonymy and related phenomena).
6. “Words that sound the same, but are in no way related to each other in meaning, are called homonyms, and the very phenomenon of coincidence in one sound of completely different words in meaning is called homonymy.
So, the club (organization, premises) and the club (smoke) are homonyms, like the words simple (uncomplicated, ordinary, easy) and simple (inaction, stop at work) ”(L. V. Kalinin. Vocabulary of the Russian language).
7. “If we define homonyms (Greek homonyma from homos - the same and oputa - name) as words with different lexical and / or grammatical meanings, but with the same (identical) spelling and / or pronunciation, then objectively we can distinguish the following types of them.
1) Homonyms having different lexical and grammatical meanings, but identical spelling: excellent (1. Adverb. 2. Short neuter adjective) (...)
2) Homonyms that have different lexical (but the same grammatical) meaning and identical spelling and pronunciation: onion (1. Plant. 2. Weapon) (...)
3) - Homonyms that have different grammatical (but the same lexical) meaning and identical spelling and pronunciation; Georgians (1. Noun in the form of the nominative case;) singular. 2. The same noun in the genitive plural form) (...)
4) Homonyms that have different lexical and grammatical meanings and the same spelling (with non-identical pronunciation): protein (1. Feminine noun in the nominative singular form. 2. Masculine noun in the genitive singular form) (...)
5) Homonyms that have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning and the same spelling (with non-identical pronunciation): Organ and organ (...)
d) A special type of homonymy are cases of so-called conversion [given in the footnote: conversion - from the Latin conversio - "conversion". - M.F.], when the given word passes into another part of speech without changing its morphological and phonetic composition, for example , evil is a short neuter adjective and evil is an adverb ... " (A. A. Reformatsky. Introduction to Linguistics).
9. “Homonyms (from the Greek homos - the same + onima, onoma - name). Words that belong to the same part of speech and sound the same but have different meanings. Marriage (matrimony) and marriage (damaged products) ...
Homonyms are full (absolute). Homonyms that have the same entire system of forms. Key (for lock) - key (spring) ...
Homonyms are partial. Homonyms that do not have the same sound in all forms. Weasel (animal) - weasel (a manifestation of tenderness) (diverge in the form of the genitive plural: weasels - weasels) ...
Homonyms are simple. Non-derivative words that sound the same. Club (smoke) - club (factory) ...
Homonyms are derivatives. Homonyms arising in the process of word formation. To force (furnish, furnish) - force (force) (...) ”(D. E. Rozental and M. A. Telenkova. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms).
10. “From various lexical meanings of a polysemantic word, one should clearly delimit words that are in homonymous relations with each other ...
(...) Homonyms are words that sound the same. but having completely different meanings, not currently deriving one from the other, which coincide with each other both in sound and in writing in all (or in a number) of their inherent grammatical forms. Homonyms, therefore, are words of the same grammatical class ” (N. M. Shansky. Lexicology of the modern Russian language).
11. From polysemantic words, i.e. words that in different contexts (in other words, depending on the lexico-semantic positions in which they appear) have different meanings, it is customary to delimit homonymous words. (...)
(...) Homonyms are words that sound the same, are identical in form, but whose meanings are in no way connected with each other, that is, they do not contain any common elements of meaning, no common semantic features. Homonyms are separate, independent words, twin words. (...) (D.N. Shmelev. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary)⁸.
The most widely accepted classification of homonyms is the following: homonyms proper, homophones and homographs.
Homonyms proper are words identical in pronunciation and spelling, like bark, in “the noise made by a dog”, bark, n “the skin of a tree”.
Homophones are words of the same sound but of different spelling and meaning: air-heir, buy-bye, knight-night, peace-piece, write, right, rite.
Homographs are words different in sound and in meaning but accidentally identical in spelling: bow [bou] – bow [bau], lead [li: d] – lead [led], row [rou] – row [rau], wind [wind ] – wind [waind].
Professor AI Smirnitsky classified homonyms into two large classes: full homonyms and partial homonyms.
Full lexical homonyms are words which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm. Ex. Match, n - a game, a contest ----- Match, n - a short piece of wood used for producing fire.