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1.2. Lexical homonymy: to the definition of the concept
In the process of the historical development of the dictionary, the appearance of lexical homonyms was due to a number of reasons.
One of them is the disintegration of the polysemantic word. In this case, ominims arise as a result of the fact that initially different meanings of the same word diverge and become so distant that in the modern language they are perceived as different words. In this way, even in ancient times, the homonyms light ¹ - “lighting” and light
In 1972, for the first time, the homonymy of the words duty was recognized and recorded in the Ozhegov Dictionary
The discrepancy between the meanings of a polysemantic word is observed in the language not only in native Russian words, but also in words borrowed from any one language: agent ¹ - "representative of the state, organization" and agent ² - "the active cause of certain phenomena" (both words from Latin agents, agentisЇ› from agere - to act). V.V. Vinogradov believed that “even fewer homonyms owe their formation to the semantic disintegration of a single lexeme into several homonymous lexical units such as light - “universe” and light - “illumination” ²⁸ . A.A. Reformatsky argued that in the Russian language " most of all homonyms that arose due to borrowing", although he also recognized the fact that the process of derivative homonymy is active 
Homonymy can be the result of the coincidence of the sound of the spelling and the complete or partial coincidence of the form change of the original word and the borrowed one. For example, the Russian lava - “raft, platform” and the Russian lava ² - “face with a continuous development system” coincided in sound with the words lava ³ - “combat squad in the ranks” (Polish -lawa-row, line) and lava ⁴ - "molten mineral mass erupted by a volcano" (lat.-lava); Russian cabin ¹ - “scattering into parts” coincided with the word cabin ² - “an enclosed space on the upper deck of a ship or ship's superstructures” (from Dutch roef - cabin); Russian Horn- "horn" (from German horn), etc. But such examples are relatively rare in the language.
Often homonymous in Russian are different words borrowed from the same language. For example, massage ¹ - “make a massage” (fr. masser - massage) and massage - special. “concentrate troops, aviation in one place” (fr. masse-mass, lump, lump), etc.
The coincidence of the sound of Russian and borrowed words sometimes does not occur immediately, but gradually, in the process of the historical development of the language. For example, the words bow ¹ - “garden plant” (an ancient borrowing from the Germanic languages) and bow ² - “hand-held arrow throwing weapon” (goes back to the Old Russian word, in which the nasal sound o stood in place of the vowel y). With the disappearance of the nasal o from the alphabet, these words became homonyms, although not complete (the first word has no plural forms).
According to the structure, homonyms are simple or non-derivative and derivative. The former have a non-derivative basis: world ¹ - 'absence of war, consent' (peace has come) and world ² - 'universe' (the world is filled with sounds); marriage ¹ - 'flaw in production' (factory marriage) and marriage ² - 'marriage' (happy marriage). The latter arose as a result of word formation, therefore, they have a derivative stem: assembly ¹ - 'action on the verb to collect' (assembly of a structure) and assembly ² - 'a small fold in clothes' (assembly on a skirt); sweatshirt - (follower of the teachings of L.N. Tolstoy) and - sweatshirt (shirt of a special cut).
Related phenomena: Along with homonymy, they usually consider related phenomena related to the grammatical, phonetic and graphic levels of the language.
1. Among consonant forms, o form forms are distinguished - words that coincide only in one grammatical form (less often - in several). For example, three ¹ is a numeral in the nominative case (three friends) and three ² is a verb in the imperative mood of the singular of the 2nd person (three carrots on a grater). The grammatical forms of words of one part of speech can also be homonymous.
2. Russian uses words that sound the same but are spelled differently. This is homophones (gr. homos - the same + phone - sound). For example, the words meadow and bow, young and hammer, carry and lead coincide in pronunciation due to the deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word and before a deaf consonant. A change in vowels in an unstressed position leads to the consonance of the words rinse and caress, lick and climb, old-timer and guarded. The words patronize and march, ustrov and sharp, brother and brother, etc. are pronounced the same way. Therefore, homophones are phonetic homonyms, their appearance in the language is associated with the action of phonetic laws⁴.
Homophony can also manifest itself more widely - in the sound coincidence of a word and several words: Not you, but Sima suffered unbearably, carried by the water of the Neva; Years to old age without old age (M.) Homophony is the subject of study not of lexicology, but of phonetics, as it manifests itself at a different linguistic level - phonetic.
3. Words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently are called o m o gr a f a m and (gr. homos - the same + grapho - I write). Usually they have stress on different syllables: kruzhki - krug`i, zas`ypal - zasyp`al, p`arit - par`it, etc. There are more than a thousand pairs of homographs in modern Russian. Homography is directly related to the graphic system of the language.
4. Paronyms - words that are close, but not identical in sound, different in meaning and erroneously used in speech one instead of the other: diplomat diplomat, skillful-artificial, etc.
Homonymy and polysemy
The distinction between different homonymous words and one word with many meanings causes many difficulties and cannot always be carried out unambiguously.
What are the ways to distinguish homonymy from polysemy?
1. One of them is the substitution of synonyms for each homonym or for all meanings of the polysemantic, and then comparing the selected synonyms with each other. If they turn out to be semantically close to each other, we have a polysemantic word, if not, homonyms. For example, the words fight ¹ - "battle" and fight ² - "boy and servant" (in foreign hotels, institutions). The words “battle” and “servant” have no similarity in semantics, therefore, “bout ¹ ” and “bout ^2” are homonyms, that is, they are different lexical units.
Fight ^. 1. Battle, battle. 2. Fight, competition; single combat, duel. 3. Fight, carnage. 4. Sounding, ringing 5. Swelling, breaking damage.
2. The comparison of the word forms of each of them, the selection of related (single-root) words, i.e. establishing their derivational relationships. If the word forms are the same or similar and there are related words that are identical in terms of the type of formation, and there is a semantic proximity between them, we can talk about polysemy. For example, almost all meanings of the word fight have similar word forms (battle, about fight, in battle, pl. fight, etc.) and related formations (combat, fighter, fighting, action, etc.) If the word forms are spilled or (when their coincidence) are semantically clearly demarcated from each other, and the word-building connections of words are singled out quite clearly and do not lose their derivational significance in the language, we should talk about homonymy. (None of these derivatives refers to the word fight ²with the meaning - “boy and servant”), since it does not have cognate words in Russian.
3. To distinguish between homonymy and polysemy, etymological information about words is useful, i.e. elucidation of their origin. The etymology of these words is different: fight - with all meanings goes back to the common Slavic verb to beat and fight - came from the English language (boy-boy).
Thus, for a justified delimitation of homonymy from polysemy, it is necessary to use as much comparative data as possible, which will make it possible to identify which features prevail - similar over distinctive or distinctive over similar.
Homonyms and cognates
Consonant words are found in different languages, for example, in English and Russian, Armenian and Russian. There are consonant words, the meaning of which is the same, such words are called cognates. Cognates (lat. cognati lit. “related”) - in linguistics, cognates are understood as words of the same root that have a common origin and similar sound in two or more independent languages. At the same time, the semantic similarity of cognates usually varies and does not completely coincide, and therefore cognates are divided into complete (minority) and partial (majority). Cognates arise in the process of historical interaction of two or more languages, often cognates appear as a result of language borrowings. If the meaning of consonant words from different languages ​​does not match, they are called interlingual homonyms.
If polysemy is a positive and regular phenomenon in a language, then HOMONYMY is an irregular and negative phenomenon.
Identity problem
1) semantic
Identical = polysemy.
2) Only formal
Identical = homonymy.
Homonyms (lexical) - words of one part of speech, between which there is only a formal identity.