On phenomena in ionized gases
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- Self-consistent modelling of spot patterns on anodes of DC glow discharges
- Suppression of Si-H 2 bond formation at P/I interface in a-Si:H solar cells deposited by multi-hollow discharge plasma CVD
- 3. Results and discussion
- 4. References
- Segmented high voltage glow discharge for a controllable ion source
- Segmented discharge
- Experimental study of ns pulsed microdischarge arrays reactor in nitrogen
electron beams. Lastly, at low pressures the electron mean free path is frequently larger than the gap size. In this case, beam electrons can traverse through the discharge without hardly any collisions and interact with the opposing sheath (e.g. energetic electrons hit the sheath collapse, overcome the sheath potential and lose their energy at the wall). Especially the latter mechanism can lead to an inefficient confinement of energetic electrons, which strongly influences the discharge parameters (e.g. plasma density and ion flux). In order to obtain a better control of these mechanisms, different parameter variations (driving frequency, driving voltage, gap size, gas pressure) are studied. 8 Fig.1: Ionization rate within one RF period. The white lines represent the sheath edges. The driving frequency is 27.12 MHz and the driving voltage is 700 V. The powered/grounded electrode is at r = 20/45 mm. 286
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Self-consistent modelling of spot patterns on anodes of DC glow discharges
M. S. Bieniek, P. G. C. Almeida, and M. S. Benilov P
P
Self-organized patterns of spots on a flat metallic anode in a cylindrical glow discharge tube are computed. A standard model of glow discharges is used, which comprises conservation and transport equations of ion and electron species, written with the use of the drift-diffusion and local-field approximation, and the Poisson equation. The computation domain is the near-anode region, separating the anode and the cylindrical discharge column. Multiple solutions, existing for the same value of discharge current and describing modes with different configurations of anode spots, and none at all, are computed in a wide range of currents by means of a stationary solver. At low currents the spots exhibit unusual forms with localized field and anode current density reversal.
Beautiful regular patterns of bright spots on anodes of DC glow discharges have been observed for many decades; see references in [1]. Recently, such patterns were shown to be potentially useful for the treatment of cancer [2]. 2D spot patterns on glow anodes have been computed in [3], although not for a wide range of currents and apparently without a proper description of the discharge column. Recently, self-organized spots and patterns on cathodes of arc and DC glow discharges have been described and systematically computed in terms of multiple steady-state solutions, which exist for the same values of the discharge current and describe modes associated with different spot patterns [1]. In this work, multiple solutions describing different modes have been for the first time computed for the case of an anode of a DC glow discharge. 2. Model and numerics The reported results refer to a helium discharge under the pressure of 5 Torr, in a 1 mm-diameter cylindrical tube. The numerical model was the same as in [4]. Boundary conditions used for a metallic anode and a dielectric lateral wall were conventional ones. The height of the computation domain was 5 mm, which proved to be sufficient for an axially uniform column to be formed in a wide range of currents. The boundary conditions on the column side are zero normal derivatives of the charged particles densities and a constant value of axial electric field, related to the discharge current (a specified parameter). Axially symmetric and 3D solutions were computed by means of the Plasma module of COMSOL Multiphysics, employed in a nonstandard way permitting the use of a stationary solver.
3. Results As an example, Figure 1 shows electron densty distribution on the anode. A regualr ring of spots is formed, similar to what was observed in the experiments (references in [1]).
Fig. 1. Electron density on the anode. 0.01 A. The modelling results differ from what is known from the theory and modelling of multiple modes on cathodes of arc and dc discharges: no pronounced N-shaped current voltage characteristic and no bifurcations have been observed; the spots assume a “mini-cathode” structure at low currents.
The work was supported by FCT of Portugal through the project Pest-OE/UID/FIS/50010/2013.
[1] M. S. Benilov, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (2014), 23 054019. [2] Z. Chen et. al., arXiv:1701.01655, (2017). [3] R. S. Islamov, Phys. Rev. E (2001) 64, 046405. [4]
P. G. C. Almeida and M. S. Benilov, Phys. Plasmas. (2013), 20 101613.
287 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Rise time of Sabatier process using low pressure and low temperature plasma
Susumu Toko PP , Satoshi Tanida P , Kazunori Koga, Masaharu Shiratani P
P Department of electronics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
For reducing the loaded mass in rocket towards Mars, propellant production on Mars has attracted attention. Catalytic methanation of CO 2 is one way of production of the rocket propellant on Mars. Considering Mars environment of low temperature and low pressure, plasma process is superior to catalyst in the propellant production. Here, we carry out methanation of CO 2 using low pressure and low temperature plasma, and investigated dependence of rise time of CH 4 yield on H 2 flow rate. Based on the experimental results and rate equations, we discuss the methanation mechanism and deduce some key rate coefficients.
1. Introduction Loaded propellant mass is important issue in planetary mission, because propellant mass accounts for 80% of total rocket mass. When return flights are required, loaded mass requirements are even more critical. Recently, in situ propellant production on Mars has attracted attention for returning journey from Mars to Earth. The Sabatier reaction is hydrogenation of CO 2 to
CH 4 . CO 2 +4H 2 → CH 4 +2H
2 O,
Δ H = −165.0 kJ/mol. (1) CO 2
Mars. H 2 O could be electrolyzed to provide H 2 and
O 2 , with the O 2 acting as the oxidant for the rocket propellant and the H 2 being recycled [1]. Catalytic methanation is a major way of hydrogenation of CO 2 on Earth. However, Mars environment provides inappropriate conditions for catalytic methanation; catalytic methanation requires high temperature over 200°C and high pressure over 1.0 ×10
5 Pa, while the surface pressure on Mars is 750 Pa (135 times less than that on Earth) and the average temperature is very low of −63 °C [2]. Plasma process allows methanation under low pressure and low temperature conditions, employing high energy electrons in the nonequilibrium plasma (T e >>T g ) to dissociate gas molecules and form reactive species [3]. Here, we carried out methanation of CO 2 using low pressure capacitive coupled plasma (CCP), and investigated dependence of rise time of CH 4 yield on H 2 flow rate FR H2 .
2. Experimental Experiments were carried out using a low pressure CCP plasma reactor at ambient temperature. Plasmas were generated by applying 60 MHz RF power of 50 W. The electrode diameter was 34 mm and the distance between the electrodes was 10 mm. The pressure was 750 Pa. The CO 2 gas flow rate was 1 sccm and the H 2 gas flow rate was in the range of 6.0-21 sccm. The gas composition in the discharge plasma was measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS, SRS QMS100). 3. Results and Discussion Figure 1 shows time evolution of normalized CH 4
yield as a parameter of the H 2 flow rate. CH 4 yield
rises more rapidly at higher H 2 flow rate. The rise time provides information of methanation mechanism. Using rate equations, we deduced the rate coefficients of decomposition reaction of CO 2 and H
2 and those of CH 4 generation reactions. I will discuss the methanation mechanism and will report some key rate coefficients. This work was supported by JAXA and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15J05441. 4. References [1] K. P. Brooks, J. Hu, H. Zhu, and R.J. Kee, Chem Eng. Sci. 62 (2007) 1161. [2] M. Kano, G. Satoh, and S. Iizuka, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process 32 (2012) 177. [3] S. Toko, R. Katayama, K. Koga, E. Leal-Quiros, and M. Shiratani, to be published in Sci. Adv. Mater.
Topic number 8 0 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
1 1.2
0 100
200 300
400 6 sccm
9 sccm 15 sccm
21 sccm no rm ali ze d CH 4 y iel d t (s) Fig. 1. Time evolution of normalized CH 4 yield as a parameter of H 2 flow rate. 288 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Suppression of Si-H 2 bond formation at P/I interface in a-Si:H solar cells deposited by multi-hollow discharge plasma CVD
Susumu Toko 1 , U Kazuma Tanaka 1 , Kimitaka Keya 1 , Takashi Kojima 1 , Daisuke Yamashita 1 , Hyunwoong Seo 1 , Naho Itagaki 1 , Kazunori Koga 1 , and Masaharu Shiratani 1
1 Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Nishi-ku Motooka 744, Japan
Light induced degradation is the most important issue of hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells. A-Si:H films of a lower Si-H 2 bond density show less light-induced degradation. We have revealed existence of high-density Si-H 2 bonds within 60nm from P/I interface by Raman spectroscopy. These Si-H 2 bonds are originated from surface reactions of SiH 3 ; because the other origin, namely, cluster incorporation is considerably suppressed by a multi-hollow discharge plasma CVD (MHDPCVD) method. Substrate temperature dependence of I SiH2 /I
shows the fine tuning the substrate temperature during initial stage of I-layer deposition is effective to suppress Si-H 2 bond formation at P/I interface.
Light-induced degradation is the most important issue of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells. By Raman spectroscopy, we have succeeded in detecting Si-H 2 bonds in cells, which are responsible for the light-induced degradation [1]. Here we have measured the hydrogen content ratio I SiH2
/I SiH
associated with Si-H 2 and Si-H bonds at P/I interface to identify high density region of Si-H 2
bonds and to suppress Si-H 2 bonds. 2. Experimental Non-doped a-Si:H films (I-layer) were deposited on B-doped Si films (P-layer) with a MHDPCVD reactor [2, 3]. Pure SiH 4 was fed to the reactor at 84 sccm. The total pressure was 0.08 Torr. The discharge frequency and power were 110 MHz and 20 W, respectively. The substrate temperature was 170, 200, and 220 °C. The deposition rate was 0.0214 nm/s. Raman spectroscopy was carried out using HeNe laser light (λ= 632.8 nm). The penetration depth of HeNe laser light was more than 500 nm.
3. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows dependence of I SiH2 /I
on thickness of I-layer. I SiH2 /I
decreases with increasing the thickness from 10 to 60 nm and it becomes constant for the thickness above 60 nm, indicating high density Si-H 2 bonds exist at P/I interface. These Si-H 2 bonds are originated from surface reactions of SiH 3 ; because the other origin, namely, cluster incorporation is considerably suppressed by the MHDPCVD method. To realize higher stability, suppressing Si-H 2 bond formation at P/I interface is important. To realize such suppression, we have examined effects of substrate temperature on I SiH2
/I SiH
. I SiH2
/I SiH
decreases with increasing the substrate temperature from 170 °C to 220 °C. A precise turning the substrate temperature together with the deposition rate is effective to suppress Si-H 2 bond formation at P/I interface. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 26246036 and 15J05441.
[1] T. Nishimoto, M. Takai, H. Miyahara, M. Kondo, and A. Matsuda, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 299-302, 1116-1122 (2002). [2] S. Toko, Y. Torigoe, W. Chen, D. Yamashita, H. Seo, N. Itagaki, K. Koga, M. Shiratani, Thin Solid Films 587, 126 (2015). [3] W. M. Nakamura, H. Matsuzaki, H. Sato, Y. Kawashima, K. Koga, and M. Shiratani, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, S241 (2010). 0 0.04 0.08 0.12
0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
I S iH 2 /I S iH thickness of I-layer (nm)
Fig. 1. Dependence of I SiH2 /I SiH on thickness of I-layer and substrate temperature.
Topic number 14 ●:Ts= 170 o C ● :Ts= 200 o C
:Ts= 220 o C 289
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Segmented high voltage glow discharge for a controllable ion source
I. G. Vicente-Gabás, G. Mattausch P , R. Blüthner
F F
Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany E-Mail: ignacio.vicente@fep.fraunhofer.de
A novel cylindrical ion source has been developed in order to produce an ion source, whose intensity can be easily controlled in each segment. It is possible to independently ignite each segment and, consequently, an inhomogeneous ion beam with the desired intensity can be extracted. Due to the wire anode configuration an electrostatic trap is built, within discharge electrons perform rosette orbits. This set up improves the electron lifetime and, accordingly, the ion production is enhanced which allows the discharge to be sustained down to 1 Pa. Finally, ions scape from the discharge through the extraction grid. In this contribution the latest investigations in a single plasma discharge segment will be presented.
The plasma chamber consists of two
concentrically cylinders, the external one is a grid. Each section is defined by the volume included by two plates, which are built in perpendicular to the surface of both cylinders and in parallel to the radial axis. The plasma discharge is typically divided in five segments. The aforementioned structure is at ground potential. The anode is a tungsten wire built in parallel to cylinder´s axis of symmetry. 2.
Fig 1. One segment discharge simulation. The colour scale represents the electric potential created by the discharge (max. 350 volts). The greyscale represents the discharge electron velocity (max. 9 10 6 m/s). The segmented wire anode discharge developed by Fraunhofer FEP is based on McClure´s glow discharge [1]. The anode wire electric potential creates an electrostatic trap, which enhances the electron lifetime and, consequently, the ion production [2]. In Figure 1 discharge electrons movement inside the electric field, created by the plasma, is simulated. In Figure 2 is a picture of the experimental set up discharge. In Figure 3 ignition curves of a single segment are shown using helium and argon as working gas.
Fig 2. Picture of a single segment discharge experimental set up, with argon as working gas.
Fig. 3. Single segment ignition curves for argon and helium with two different chamber heights.
[1] G. W. McClure, “Low-pressure glow discharge” Applied physics letters 2, 12, (1963). [2] Makarov. “Why does a low-pressure wire- discharge exists self-sustained?” Europhys. Lett,
8 290 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
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Experimental study of ns pulsed microdischarge arrays reactor in nitrogen
S. Kasri 1 , G. Bauville 2 , M. Fleury 2 , K. Gazeli 2 , J. Santos Sousa 2 , S. Pasquiers 2 , X. Aubert 1 , G. Lombardi 1 , L. William 1 , C. Lazzaroni 1
1 LSPM-CNRS Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93490 Villetaneuse, France
2 LPGP, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Advanced material deposition such as BN, GaN, … require the use of an efficient plasma source to produce N. To do so, we made use of a Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge (MHCD) technology [1] which generates an electron density in auto-pulsed mode up to 10 16 cm
-3 [2]. This value depends directly on the intensity of the current. To increase this intensity, a pulsed power supply was used. In order to deposit over a cm size substrate the source must be extended. Thus, we use an MHCD matrix. Experimental study through fast imaging and spectroscopy emission techniques of array of 7-MHCDs in nitrogen (N 2 ) has been realized. 1. General The device is composed of an anode-dielectric- cathode sandwich drilled with a ps laser. An array of 7-MHCDs, with 400 µm in diameter for each MHCD is disposed at the junction between two chambers at different pressures. In chamber 1, the pressure is 50 mbar and the electrode is polarized negatively to favor the high production of nitrogen dissociation. In chamber 2, the electrode is connected to ground and the pressure is 3 mbar in order to limit the nitrogen recombination as illustrated in Fig. 1. Three windows for optical diagnostics are shown (W1, 2, 3). The ICCD is positioned perpendicularly to the MHCDs array, whereas the spectrometer is in front of the plasma jet.
Fig.1. Experimental setup with pictures of the N 2
microplasma jet generated in the low pressure side. Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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