On phenomena in ionized gases
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- Atmospheric pressure cold plasma driven Ni/ -Al 2 O 3 catalytic reactor for
- Development of the LisbOn KInetics (LoKI) tool
- 3. Discussion and conclusions
- 5. References
- Vibrational excitation kinetics of CO 2 in a pulsed glow discharge
- 1. CO 2 reduction for renewable energy storage
- 3. Analysis results, related to
- Comparison of two electric field measurement methods for a kHz microsecond atmospheric pressure plasma jet
References [1] T.S. Ramazanov, et al. Contrib. Plasma Phys. 56 (5) (2016) 425-431. [2] D.H.H. Hoffmann, A. Blazevic, P. Ni et al. Laser and Particle beams 23(2005) 47. [3] J.F. Ziegler, M.D. Ziegler, J.P. Biersack. Nucl. Instr. Meth. in Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 1818–1823. [4] M.H. Mendenhall, R.A. Weller. Nucl. Instr. Meth. 227 (2005) 420-430. 272
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Topic 17 Atmospheric pressure cold plasma driven Ni/-Al 2 O 3 catalytic reactor for methanation of CO 2
L. Sivachandiran 1, 2 , P. Da Costa 3 , A. Khacef 1 1 GREMI, UMR 7344, CNRS-Université d'Orléans, 14 rue d’Issoudun, BP 6744, 45067 Orléans Cedex 02, France. 2 SRM Research Institute, Depart. of Chemistry, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram 603203 (D.t.), India. 3 Univ Paris 6, UMR 7190 Sorbonne Univ-CNRS, Institut Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, 2 Pl Gare Ceinture, 78210, France. Hydrogenation of CO 2 to CH
4 was carried out using Ni/-Al 2 O
catalysts coupled with non-thermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge reactor (NTP-DBD). The effect of gas temperature (22-400°C), plasma input power (25-35 W), and CO 2 to H 2 ratio on CO 2 conversion rate and CH 4 selectivity has been studied. It was evidenced that, compared to conventional thermal catalysis, plasma-catalysis coupling decreased the catalyst activation temperature, i.e. the CO 2 conversion, by 50°C. Furthermore, 10 wt% Ni/-Al 2 O 3 catalyst has shown about 40% CO 2 conversion and 70% CH 4
selectivity. Modernization, deforestation and overwhelmingly increasing world population are significantly increasing the atmosphere CO 2 level. Consequently, several methods have been developed to reduce the atmospheric CO 2 level. The conversion of CO 2 in other products has attracted much more attention, especially non-thermal plasma (NTP) for CO 2 conversion [1] and methanation [2]. In this study, thermal catalysis, plasma, and plasma- catalysis processes have been investigated for direct hydrogenation of CO 2 in a wide range of temperature, plasma input power and CO 2 to H 2 ratio. The NTP-catalytic reactor is a cylindrical DBD powered by sub-ns HV pulses with an amplitude up to 20 kV at frequency up to 500 Hz. The nickel metal is doped on -Al 2 O 3 beads (1.8 mm diameter, Sasol Germany GmbH) by wet impregnation method. Before each experiment, the Ni/-Al 2 O
catalyst (1.5 g) was activated for 20 min at 400°C under H 2 (5%)/N
2
flow. The catalyst was placed in the centre of the plasma discharge volume. This configuration, stated as In-Plasma Catalysis (IPC), leads to two distinguished discharge configurations: gas phase streamer discharge before and after the catalyst bed, and surface discharge on the catalyst. For all the experiments, the total gas flow rate was fixed as 620 ml.min -1 , unless otherwise mentioned. CO 2 , CH
4, CO, and O 2 concentrations were followed using gas chromatography (µGC, MyGC-SRA). An example of data obtained for plasma alone, catalysts alone (-Al 2 O 3 , 10 wt% Ni/-Al 2 O
), and plasma-catalyst systems is shown in Fig. 1. For the investigated temperature range -Al 2 O 3 catalyst, whether used alone or coupled with plasma, has shown less than 2% CO 2
conversion. Indeed, Ni doping on -Al 2 O 3 has significantly increased the CO 2 conversion. Thermal catalytic activity of 10 wt% Ni/-Al 2 O 3 catalyst begins above 250C , and about 55% of CO 2 conversion is reached at 300C. Under the similar operating conditions, when 10 wt% Ni/-Al 2 O 3 is
coupled with plasma, the CO 2 conversion starts at lower temperature and 45% CO 2 conversion is reached at 250°C. The decrease in catalyst activation temperature can be correlated to synergetic effect of plasma-catalyst coupling.
Fig. 1. CO 2 conversion rate as function of temperature (plasma conditions: 15 kV and 100 Hz). It was evidenced that, without Ni doping on -Al 2 O
CH 4
is not produced for all the investigated temperatures as reported in literature [3]. This implies that Ni doped on Al 2
3 are mainly involved in CO 2 hydrogenation processes. It can be suggested that although plasma dissociates CO 2 but it does not induce the hydrogenation reaction. At 250 ° C, with or without plasma, 10 wt% Ni/- Al 2 O 3 catalyst has shown 70% CH 4 selectivity. The decrease in CO 2 conversion and CH 4 production can be attributed to the catalytic partial oxidation of CH 4 to CO 2 , CO, and H 2 O at high temperature. In that case and at 300°C, the CO selectivity increased by a factor 2 when the combined plasma-Ni/γ-Al 2 O
system is used compared to the Ni/γ-Al 2 O
catalyst used alone (from 8 to 4%). At a fixed temperature, the increasing of the plasma input power increase slightly the CO 2 conversion and CH 4 selectivity. However, the CO selectivity rapidly increases up to 10% (at 20 kV) evidenced the fact that the injected excess power probably promotes the CO formation from CO 2
4 . [1] D. Mei, X. Zhu, Y.L. He, J.D. Yan, X. Tu. Plasma Sources Science and Technology 24 (2015), 015011. [2] L. He, Q. Lin, Y. Huang. Journal of Energy Chemistry 23 (2014), 587. [3] E. Jwa, S.B. Lee, H.W. Lee, Y.S. Mok. Fuel Processing Technology 108 (2013), 89.
273 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Development of the LisbOn KInetics (LoKI) tool
A. Tejero-del-Caz 1 , D. Nina 1 , S. Jacob 1 , D. Gonçalves 1 , M. Lino da Silva 1 , L. Marques 1,3 ,
N. R. Pinhão 1 , C. D. Pintassilgo 1,2 , V. Guerra 1 and L. L. Alves 1
1 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 2 Departamento de Engenharia Física, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal 3 Centro de Física da Universidade do Minho, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
This work presents the current status of development of LisbOn KInetics (LoKI), a computational tool to model non-equilibrium low-temperature plasmas, produced from different gas mixtures for a wide range of working conditions. LoKI comprises a Boltzmann module (LoKI-B) and a chemistry module (LoKI-C), coupled in a self-consistent way, yielding the electron energy distribution function, the electron swarm parameters, the concentrations of the various plasma species, and the corresponding gain/loss reaction rates. The tool can handle simulations including any gas mixture, accounting for the electronic, vibrational and rotational internal degrees of freedom of the atomic / molecular excited states present in the discharge.
Predictability in plasma science and engineering based on fundamental modelling has been considered a requirement for the progress in the field, and the model-based design of plasma processes has been identified as a necessary capability to achieve industrial goals. Therefore, there is general agreement on the intellectual and technological importance of modelling low- temperature plasmas (LTPs). Predictive tools for non-equilibrium LTPs should describe the kinetics of both electrons and heavy- species, the former responsible for inducing plasma reactivity and the latter providing the paths for industrial applications. Here, we focus on plasma- based environmental and biological applications, which have recently attracted the interest of pure and applied research. In this context, we have launched a research project for delivering a KInetic Testbed for PLASMa Environmental and Biological Applications (KIT-PLASMEBA), embodying a MATLAB® computational tool (LisbOn KInetics, LoKI) linked to a web-platform (KIT) containing state-of-the-art kinetic schemes.
LoKI comprises two modules (LoKI-B and LoKI-C) that can run self-consistently coupled or as standalone tools. The foundations for developing this tool were stablished years ago [1]. LoKI-B (to become open-source) provides the solution to the homogeneous two-term electron Boltzmann equation [2] (for a pure gas or a gas mixture, including first and second-kind collisions, as well as electron-electron collisions), using the LXCat open- access website [3] for obtaining electron scattering cross section data; LoKI-C gives the solution to the system of zero-dimensional (volume average) rate balance equations for the most relevant charged and neutral species in the plasma. The simulations can include any gas mixture, accounting for the electronic, vibrational and rotational internal degrees of freedom of the atomic / molecular excited states present in the discharge. On output, LoKI yields the electron energy distribution function, the electron swarm parameters, the concentrations of the various plasma species, and the corresponding gain/loss reaction rates. The results are obtained either for a prescribed constant pressure, ensured by varying the gaseous mixture composition, or at fixed mass density. For stationary discharges, the reduced maintenance electric field is self-consistently calculated as an eigenvalue solution to the problem, under the assumption of quasi-neutrality.
LoKI is a user-friendly, scalable and upgradable tool. This work discusses its current status of development, presenting basic structure, evidencing functionality and introducing test cases along with first results of benchmarking against other codes. LoKI development will continue focusing on its graphical user interface and on the introduction of verification and validation procedures.
This work was funded by Portuguese FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under projects UID/FIS/50010/2013 and PTDC/FISPLA/ 1243/2014 (KIT-PLASMEBA).
[1] Guerra V and Loureiro J, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 6 (1997) 373-385
[2] Alves L L, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 16 (2007) 557-569. [3] www.lxcat.net Topic number: 5 274
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Vibrational excitation kinetics of CO 2 in a pulsed glow discharge
B.L.M. Klarenaar 1 , U R.Engeln 1 , M.A. Damen 1 , M.C.M. van de Sanden 1,2 ,
3 , and O. Guaitella 3
Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 2 Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 3 Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique-CNRS-Univ Paris-Sud-UPMC, Palaiseau, France
Excitation of the asymmetric stretch vibrational mode of CO 2 is believed to be crucial for an efficient plasma assisted dissociation of CO 2 to CO. Using time-resolved in situ Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy we gain insight in the vibrational dynamics of CO 2 in a pulsed glow discharge (5/10 ms on/off). FTIR measurements in a discharge at 5 mbar and 50 mA reveal excitation of the asymmetric stretch mode of CO 2 , showing a vibrational temperature of 913 K versus a rotational temperature of 437 K, at 0.5 ms after plasma-on. Rotational temperatures measured using spatially and time-resolved rotational Raman spectroscopy correspond well to the FTIR
and show no significant temperature changes over the longitudinal axis of the reactor.
Efficient reduction of CO 2 to CO is a key step in the process of storing renewable energy in the form of hydrocarbon fuels. This dissociation process is believed to be most efficient when selectively exciting the asymmetric stretch mode of CO 2 . We
study the vibrational dynamics of CO 2 by performing in situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as well as rotational Raman spectroscopy on a pulsed glow discharge. Since the discharge mechanisms of such a plasma are well known, a glow discharge is particularly suitable for a fundamental study on vibrational energy levels. 2. Setup and analysis for vibrational kinetics The cylindrical plasma reactor (23 cm length, 2 cm diameter) is operated under flowing conditions (7.4 sccm CO 2 ) in the millibar range, with a pulsed 10–50 mA plasma current at 5/10 ms on/off. To study the vibrational dynamics by IR absorption, the reactor is positioned inside the sample compartment of an FTIR spectrometer (Bruker, Vertex 70). The step-scan operation mode allows the recording of spectra with a temporal resolution of 10 µs, well below the millisecond timescale of the plasma. For the analysis we developed an algorithm to calculate and fit the transmittance spectra of CO 2
and CO, using the HITEMP-2010 database. Fit parameters include the rotational temperature, T rot ,
stretch (ν 1 ) and bending (ν 2 ) modes of CO 2 , T 1,2 , and
the temperature of the asymmetric (ν 3 ) mode, T 3 .
3. Analysis results, related to Raman spectroscopy Fig. 1 shows a fit at 0.5 ms after plasma-on, giving T rot
= 437 K, T 1,2
= 459 K, and T 3 = 913 K. Hence, a clear asymmetric stretch excitation of CO 2
is observed, with respect to the other temperatures. Details on a kinetic model used to study these experiments are given in [1]. Furthermore, details on the important role and kinetics of O atoms in these discharges are given in [2]. Additional experiments are planned, to study the link between the measured vibrational excitation and CO 2 dissociation. Time and spatially-resolved rotational Raman measurements are done to study the assumption made in the FTIR analysis, i.e. no temperature variations along the line-of-sight. Spatially, the measured T rot
does not significantly change, while temporally, it corresponds well to the IR fits. This affirms the validity of both measurement techniques and the reliability of vibrational temperatures resulting from the infrared absorption experiments.
[1] T. Silva et al., abstract submitted to ICPIG 2017. [2] A.S. Morillo-Candas et al., abstract submitted to ICPIG 2017. Topic number 6 2288 2290 2292 2294 2296 2298 Wavenumbers (cm -1 ) -0.01 0 0.01 Residual 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 Transmittance ν 3 = 0,1,2,3 Fit
Data Fig. 1: IR transmittance data and fit of CO 2 at 0.5 ms after plasma-on, at 50 mA and 6 mbar. Absorptions from transitions with ν 3 = 0, 1, 2, and 3 are shown separately. 275 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Comparison of two electric field measurement methods for a kHz microsecond atmospheric pressure plasma jet
X. Damany 1 , G. Sretenović 2 , S. Iséni 1 , V. Kovačević 2 , I. Krstić 2 ,
S. Dozias 1 , J.-M. Pouvesle 1 , M. Kuraica 2 and E. Robert 1
1 GREMI, UMR7344 CNRS Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France 2 Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Serbia Electric field associated with a kHz microsecond atmospheric pressure plasma jet has been measured using two different methods. The first one consists in an electro-optic probe allowing to measure the electric field outside the capillary in which propagates the plasma. The second one relies on Stark polarization spectroscopy on the 492.19nm line of helium. If the first one offers a nice time resolution, the second method has a better spatial accuracy but can be used only where light is emitted by the plasma. Thus these two methods complement one another and can even be compared depending on the conditions. If plasma is powered by a positive polarity voltage pulse both techniques are in good agreement. Nevertheless when negative polarity is used some discrepancies are observed.
Atmospheric plasma jets are studied because of the wide range of applications they offers, especially in biomedical fields. They consist of an ionization wave propagating into a rare gas followed by a plasma channel [1]. If the role in biology of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species has been highlighted, other components of the plasma deserves more attention as transient electric fields (EF). This work focuses on the measure of these EF with two different methods based on Pockels effect [2] or Stark spectroscopy [3] for a Plasma Gun (PG) discharge. Depending on the situation both techniques can either be complementary or compared.
Plasma Gun consists in a vertically downward oriented capillary with an inner high-voltage electrode and an outer grounded one. Plasma is powered with µs-duration voltage pulses. First method to measure the EF uses an electro-optic probe (Kapteos), based on Pockels effect and made of a birefringent crystal in an alumina tube. The second technique, using Stark polarization spectroscopy of helium I 492.19nm line, has the advantage to be non-perturbative. A 1:1 image of the PG is created on the 70μm-wide spectrometer slit. The spectrometer contains two 1200 grooves.mm −1
gratings. In presence of strong EF, i.e. in this study only the one associated with the ionization wave, forbidden transitions become allowed, making appear a forbidden line in the spectrum. Moreover this line is shifted according to EF strength. Thus measuring the position of the forbidden line and the allowed one can allow to evaluate the EF strength.
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