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VTHE CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS


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VTHE CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS
§19. A morpheme usually has more than one meaning. This is the case, for instance, with both the lexical and the grammatical morpheme in the word runs. The morpheme run- has the following meanings: 1) "move with quick steps" (The boy runs fast); 2) "flow"1 (A tear runs ...); 3) "become" (to run dry); 4) "manage" (run a business); 5) "cause to move" (run a car), and many others. The meanings of the -s morpheme are as follows: 1) "present tense", 2) "indicative mood", 3) "third person", 4) "singular number", 5) "non-continuous aspect", and some others.
All the lexical meanings of the word runs, inherent in the morpheme run-, unite this word with to run, running, will run, shall run, has run, had run, is running, was runnine. etc. jntn one group called a lexeme. ] ' '■'" •" '
^ll_the_Јrammatical meanings of the word runs, inherent in the morpheme^, unite this word with walks', stands, sleeps, skates, lives and a great manЈ other words into a group we shall call jt_ grammeme 2.
The"words^Ta'Tixeme or of a grammeme are united not only by the meanings of the corresponding morpheme, but
1 As already mentioned (§ 6), many grammarians use the term word
with regard to such a group.
2 The term grammeme (grameme), with a different meaning, was
used by K. Pike in Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of Human
Behavior (1954—1955) and Grammemic Theory in Reference to Restricted
Problems of Morpheme Classes (1957).In 1958 Pike replaced grammeme
with Bloomfield's term tagmeme.
A. Juilland (Outline of a General Theory of Structural Relations. Mon-ton, 1961) uses the terms lexeme, grammeme for 'roots' and 'non-roots'.
See also 3. M. B o ji o u k a a, T. H. M o jt o q h a a, T. M. H h-
k o ji a e b a. OrifaiT onncaHHH pyccKoro HSHKa b ero nHcbMeHiiofi cpopMe.
M., 1964, where the term epaMMejua is used to denote an elementary
morphological meaning (p. 35). /
19

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