On the one hand

,.',,,...,. ,.„,.„. .„..,, *,_W,,!,₁W,.„>,_._.
by its form too. Still the content is of greater importance, the form often differing considerably. The words runs and ran, for instance, have the same lexical meanings and belong therefore to the same lexeme in spite of the formal difference (but see § 11). Even more significant is an example like buy and bought. But most striking are cases like go and went, I and me, etc. (see later, § 28). Similar examples can illustrate the formal variations of a grammatical morpheme uniting words into a grammeme: lived, walked, skated, slept, ran, went.
The number of words in an English lexeme may vary from one (must; milk; woolen; always) to several dozens (writes, wrote, will write, shall write, am writing, are writing, was writing, were writing, have written, has written, had written, is written, was written, etc.).
N o t Ј. The lexeme represented by write contains 94 words expressed by 64 forms, of these only 10 words have synthetic forms, five in number, Here they are:

1. 
   write (infinitive, indicative, subjunctive, imperative)
   
2. 
   writes
   
3. 
   wrote (indicative, subjunctive)
   
4. 
   writing (gerund, participle)
   
5. 
   written
   

The number of words in a grammeme is usually very great, practically limitless. But occasionally a grammeme may contain one word only. For instance, the grammeme having the meanings of 'indicative mood', 'past tense', 'plural number', 'non-continuous aspect', and 'non-perfect order' (see § 212) contains but one word — were.
§ 20. From the previous paragraph it is clear that a word like runs containing a lexical and a grammatical morpheme is at the same time a member of a certain lexeme and of a certain grammeme. In a lexeme the lexical "morpheme may be regarded as invariable (at least in content) and the grammat­ical morphemes as variables. In a grammeme, on the con­trary, the grammatical morpheme is invariable and the le­xical morphemes *$e variables. This can be seen from the following table.
As we see, each woiH of a lexeme represents a certain grammeme, and each word u i grammeme represents a certain
20
\

	Lexeme 1	Lexeme 2	Lexeme 3
Grammeme 1	boy	girl	captain	common case, singular number
Grammeme 2	boy's	girl's	captain's	possessive case, singular number
Grammeme 3	boys	girls	captains	common case, plural number
Grammeme 4	boys'	girls'	captains'	possessive case, plural number
	male child, son, male servant, etc	female child, daughter, maidservant, etc.	leader, chief, officer, etc.	\^ meanings of ^\ grammemes meanings /Nr of lexemes ^v

_Ik*.
lexeme. The sej of grammem.es represented bu alLlhe-wards of
a lexeme, is its paradigm. The set of lexemes represented by
all the words of a gramrneme is usually so large that it is
almost of no practical value and has therefore got no name.
The paradigms of the three lexemes in the table above are
identical and characterize the lexemes as belonging to a class
called nouns. The paradigm of the lexeme want, wants,
wanted, shall want, etc. is quite different and $tamps it as
belonging to another class called verbs. kkn
§ 21. There is an essential difference in the way lexical and grammatical meanings exist in the language and occur iti speech. Lexical meanings can be found in a bunch only in a dictionary or in the memory of a man, or, scientifically, in the lexical system of a language. In actual speech a lexical morpheme displays only one meaning of the bunch in each case, and that meaning is singled out by the context or the situation of speech (in grammar parlance, syntagmatically). As seen already (§ 19), words of the same- lexeme convey different meanings in different surroundings. In the sentence The boy runs fast the word runs has meaning 1. In A tear runs down her cheek it has meaning 2. In runs dry it conveys mean­ing 3. In runs a car — meaning 5, and so on.
The meanings of a grammatical morpheme always come together in the word. In accordance with their relative nature (§ 10) they can be singled out only relatively in contrast^o the meanings of other grammatical morphemes (in grammar parlance, paradigmatically). Supposing we want to single out the meaning of 'non-continuous aspect' in the word runs. We have then to find another word which has all the meanings of the word runs but that of 'non-continuous aspect'. The only word that meets these requirements is the analytical word is running. Runs and is running belong to the same lexeme, and their lexical meanings are identical. As to the grammatical meanings the two words do not differ in tense ('present'), number ('singular'), person ('third'), mood ('indicative'), etc. They differ only in aspect, the word runs has the meaning of 'non-continuous aspect' and is running — that of 'contin­uous aspect'. Thus all the difference in the forms of the two ' contrasted words serves to distinguish only these aspect meanings which are thus singled out from the whole bunch.