On theoretical aspects of english language

For example. 1. It is a fox. Here «it» shows that the word «fox» is used in the meaning “лиса” (тулки).

2. 
   He is a fox. The presence of «he» shows that «fox» is in the meaning of
   

«хитрый» («айёр»).

2. 
   She will fox him. We find the meaning from the position of «fox». It stands after the auxiliary verb «will» and the direct object «him». Here it is used in the meaning of обманывать (алдамоқ)
   

The meaning which is not dependent on context is the major (or basic) meaning of the word and the meanings which are dependent on the context are minor meanings. By context we mean the minimal stretch of speech determining each individual meaning of the word. For example. «to make» means «to produce smth». This is its basic meaning but other meanings are minor meanings because they can be found only in a context.

Hyponomy is the semantic relationship of inclusion existing between elements of various levels. Thus, e.g. vehicle includes car, bus, taxi; oak implies tree, horse implies animal; table implies furniture. The hyponymic relationship is the relationship between the meaning of the general and the individual terms.

A hyperonym is a generic term which serves as the name of the general as distinguished from the names of the species-hyponyms. In other words the more specific term is called the hyponym. For instance, animal is a generic term as compared to the specific names wolf, dog or mouse (these are called equonyms) Dog, in its turn, may serve as a generic term for different breeds such as bull-dog, collie, poodle, etc.

The hyponymic relations may be viewed as hierarchical relations between the generic and the individual term, i.e. the superordinate term, the classifier which serves to describe the LSG, called a hyperonym, and the subordinate term of narrower or more specific meaning which comes "under" another of wider or more general meaning, called a hyponym.

For example: The hyperonym is tree ; birch, pine, oak are co-hyponyms.

Hyponymic relations are often imprecise, unstable and multidimensional. The same word may be a hyponym of several superordinates:

For example: Rug is a synonym of carpet in some contexts and a hyponym of carpet in others; axe is a tool and a weapon; a weapon is a hyponym of tool.

The same word may appear in several places in a hierarchy, in one of its meanings it may be superordinate to itself in another meaning.

For example: Thus, animal may be used (1) in contrast with vegetable to include birds, fishes, insects, as well as mammals; (2) in the sense of "mammal" to contrast with birds, fishes, insects, to include both humans and beasts, (3) in the sense of "beast" to contrast with humans. So it occurs three times in the hierarchy.

A hyponym contains (includes) the meaning of the superordinate term and also some additional semantic components which distinguish it from its co-hyponyms, For example: The co-hyponyms stroll, stagger, saunter, stride all include the meaning of walk (the hyperonym); but stroll also includes the semantic components "quiet" and "unhurried", stride "energetically", "purposefully", etc.Oddly enough, there is not always a superordinate term, e.g. there is no superordinate term for the group of adjectives blue, green, red, etc. as "coloured" usu. excludes grey, black and white.