Onproliferation
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- Introduction
- Part II: The Anti-Plague System in Russia and Western Media
- Part III: Biographies of P.N. Burgasov and I.V. Domaradsky
- Part IV: Concluding Remarks by the Editors 237 Appendix 1: Understanding Natural Disease Foci
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J AMES M ARTIN C ENTER FOR N ONPROLIFERATION S TUDIES CNS OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 18 S TORIES OF THE S OVIET A NTI -P LAGUE S YSTEM Edited by Casey W. Mahoney, James W. Toppin, and Raymond A. Zilinskas J ames m artin C enter for n onproliferation s tudies cns.miis.edu The James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) strives to combat the spread of weapons of mass destruction by training the next generation of nonproliferation specialists and disseminating timely information and analysis. CNS at the Monterey Institute of International Studies is the largest nongovernmental organization in the United States devoted exclusively to research and training on nonproliferation issues. t he m onterey i nstitute of i nternational s tudies www.miis.edu The Monterey Institute of International Studies, a graduate school of Middlebury College, provides international professional education in areas of critical importance to a rapidly changing global community, including international policy and management, translation and interpretation, language teaching, sustainable development, and non- proliferation. We prepare students from all over the world to make a meaningful impact in their chosen fields through degree programs characterized by immersive and collaborative learning, and opportunities to acquire and apply practical professional skills. Our students are emerging leaders capable of bridging cultural, organizational, and language divides to produce sustainable, equitable solutions to a variety of global challenges. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies 460 Pierce St., Monterey, CA 93940, USA Tel: +1 (831) 647-4154 Fax: +1 (831) 647-3519 Partial funding support to realize this occasional paper has been provided by the Nuclear Threat Initiative. The views, assessments, judgments, and conclusions stated in the editors’ commentary in this paper are the sole representations of the editors and do not necessarily represent either the official position or policy or bear the endorsement of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, the Monterey Institute of International Studies, the President and Trustees of Middlebury College, the US Department of Energy, US Department of Defense, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, or Battelle Memorial Institute. ISBN #978-0-9892361-3-3 © Monterey Institute of International Studies, August 2013 Cover image: Russian biohazard sign, “Caution! Toxic Agent” Back cover image: Old fashioned, reusable Soviet-era syringe “Record” S TORIES OF THE S OVIET A NTI -P LAGUE S YSTEM C ASEY W. M AHONEY , J AMES W. T OPPIN , AND R AYMOND A. Z ILINSKAS , E DITORS J AMES M ARTIN C ENTER FOR N ONPROLIFERATION S TUDIES - 1 - August 2013 T able of C onTenTs Translator’s Notes iii Writing Russian words and names in English Structure of Russian names Introduction v Part I: M.I. Levi’s Interesting Stories... 1 Volume 1 (1994) 1 Volume 2 (1994) 7 Volume 3 (1994) 16 Volume 4 (1996) 33 Volume 5 (1997) 50 Volume 6 (1997) 79 Volume 7 (1998) 97 Volume 8 (1998) 116 Volume 9 (1999) 143 Volume 10 (2000) 165 Volume 11 (2001) 172 Volume 12, Issue 1 (2002) 179 Volume 12, Issue 2 (2002) 197 Part II: The Anti-Plague System in Russia and Western Media 213 The Plague 213 Bioterror: Who Will Protect Russia? 221 Soviet Germ Factories Pose New Threat: Once Mined for Pathogens in Bioweapons Program, Labs Lack Security 228 Part III: Biographies of P.N. Burgasov and I.V. Domaradsky 233 Petr Nikolaevich Burgasov (On the occasion of his 85th birthday) 233 Igor Valerianovich Domaradsky (On the occasion of his 75th birthday) 235 Part IV: Concluding Remarks by the Editors 237 Appendix 1: Understanding Natural Disease Foci 245 Appendix 2: Acronyms 248 Appendix 3: Glossary of Biotechnical and Russian Terms and Names 250 Appendix 4: Complete Table of Contents of Levi’s Interesting Stories 259 - ii - Stories of the Soviet Anti-Plague System - iii - August 2013 T ranslaTor ’ s n oTes Writing Russian words and names in English The Russian alphabet is much different from the alphabets used for English and many other European languages. In Russian, each written letter has a consistent or easily predictable sound. By contrast, in English the “f ” sound, for example, also can be written as “ph” or “gh.” Russian, however, does have some silent letters. There are many different systems for converting Russian spellings of names, etc. into English. Some systems leave out the Russian silent letters, resulting in a simpler and more phonetic English version, which can be a very important advantage for non-Russian readers. Other systems (such as those used for library cataloguing) may include all silent letters so that names can be converted readily from Russian to English or vice versa by computers, but these longer versions can be more challenging for readers. As a further complication, the different European languages that use the Roman alphabet spell Russian names differently according to the sound systems of those languages. For example, the names Chekhov and Tchaikovsky both start with the same Russian letter “ Ч”, but the “Tch” reflects how the sound would be written in French versus “Ch” in English. For these and other reasons, there may be several different English spellings of the same Russian name. The composer Чайковский, for instance, could be spelled Tchaikovsky, Chaikovsky, Tchaykovskyy, Tschaikovskii, etc., although in most cases one spelling is predominant. Essentially, we follow the system used by the US Board on Geographic Names, but with a few simplifications for readability. For example, we use a single “y” in situations where strict adherence to the system would give “yy” (e.g., we use “Domaradsky” instead of “Domaradskyy”). Fortunately, search engines seem to do a good job of recognizing these variations, so the search results based on one version of a name will usually suggest common alternative spellings. Structure of Russian names Russian names have three parts: first name, patronymic, last name. The patronymic is derived from the father’s name, so Ivan Petrovich Kuznetsov is the son of Petr Denisovich Kuznetsov (who is the son of Denis, and so on). All of Ivan’s brothers would have the same patronymic and last name, for example Aleksandr Petrovich Kuznetsov, Yury Petrovich Kuznetsov, etc. (Note: these names are given as examples only and are not intended to refer to actual people). Ivan’s sisters would have a slight variation of this patronymic and last name reflecting the gender construction used in Russian, so they would be Irina Petrovna Kuznetsova, Nataliya Petrovna Kuznetsova, etc. For a married Russian couple, if the woman takes the husband’s last name, her last name will reflect this gender variation. For example, Mr. Popov’s wife will have the last name Popova, Mr. Lensky’s wife’s name will be Mrs. Lenskaya. However their patronymics will be different (unless their fathers - iv - Stories of the Soviet Anti-Plague System happened have the same first name). Some last names, such as those ending in -enko, are invariable, so will be the same for male and female. In formal situations, it is common to address or refer to a person using the first name and patronymic, rather than using the English equivalent of Ms. Lastname or Mr. Lastname. - v - August 2013 I nTroduCTIon Throughout the twentieth century, the 2nd Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health (MOH) directed a wide-ranging “anti-plague system” with the main objective of protecting the country from endemic and imported dread diseases such as plague, anthrax, tularemia, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and others with either a natural or laboratory-based etiology. In addition, it had an important, three- phased role in the Soviet Union’s offensive biological warfare (BW) program: to provide training to the BW program’s scientific workers on biosafety practices; to submit cultures of especially virulent pathogens to that program’s research and development institutions; and, in some instances, weaponize some bacterial species. Because the Soviet Union considered information about endemic infectious disease— as well as BW-related activity—to be state secrets, hardly any outsiders knew about the anti-plague (AP) system’s work and accomplishments. For various reasons noted below, with the exception of a few states with their own plague experts, the Soviet AP system was unknown to Western nations. In fact, our research of the Western literature found just a single publication in 2002 about the AP system in a Western newspaper (by the Washington Post’s Joby Warrick; see Part II) and no academic publication prior to 2006, when investigators at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) published five separate but connected articles in the journal Critical Reviews in Microbiology. i After the USSR dissolved in December 1991, the AP system fragmented, and its institutes and stations located outside of Russia became part of the health systems of the newly independent states. Problematically, however, Russia stopped funding the AP scientists and auxiliary personnel in those states, which offered only insufficient funding for these programs. The results were predictable; to this day, AP scientists and technicians are trying to eke out a living on starvation wages, and the physical i Sonia Ben Ouagrham-Gormley, Alexander Melikishvili, and Raymond A. Zilinskas, “An Introduction,” Critical Reviews of Microbiology 32(1) (2006), Download 307.16 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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