Optimization of the structure of taxation in the state
CGS–> VGS –> VGR –> VT–> VNRS
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3.Book of Proceedings esdBaku2020 Vol3 Online
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- International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development
- 3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF AZERBAIJAN AT THE ACCOUNT OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE TAX SYSTEM
- Indicators 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
- 10762.7 10325.9 11403.0 15700.7 17281.5 19496.3 18400.6 17498.0 17505.7 16516.7 22508.9
- Indicators 2017 2018 2019 Plan Fact % Plan
- 100,1 7010,0 7016,0 100,1 7210,0 7645,0 106,0
CGS–> VGS –> VGR –> VT–> VNRS (Lim – TC) where:
• CGS – criterion of government spending; • VGS – value of government spending; • VGR – value of government revenue; • VT – value of taxes; 55 th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – Baku, 18-19 June, 2020
396 • VNRS – value of non-tax revenues of the state.; • Lim-TC – limitation in the form of tax collection.
Extraordinary circumstances may force a State to apply the first and second criteria for the formation of its expenditure, hence its revenue, including taxes. However, they may also be used as an element of the wrong policy of the authorities. The 2nd and 3rd criteria are acceptable for the state in terms of extent of involvement of the state in economy. As for the fourth criterion, which is excessive public expenditure, it is the result of an arbitrary exercise of public authority that is not subject to any substantial public control. In the conditions of development of economy, the state has to be oriented on an optimality criterion of the public expenditures. Only following to this criterion is capable to provide optimum taxation on the scale of the state: • on its absolute value; • on a share in the cost of gross domestic product; • on a share in structure of total revenues of the state.
The determination of the absolute value of taxes on the basis of the amount of public expenditure to which public revenues are tied, which is the basis of the above-mentioned formulas, may be objectionable on the grounds that the State (as an economic entity) should determine its expenditure on the basis of its income. There are a number of arguments to the effect that the absolute value of taxes should be based on the amount of the intended public expenditure (and not vice versa, the amount of expenditure within income). The functions of the State are aimed at ensuring the survival of the State and society at a minimum, and at the sustainable and efficient development of the economy, and at improving the well-being of the population at the maximum. In order to carry out these functions, the State must, to the extent possible, increase its revenue base through taxes. The State, through various fiscal policies, including tax policies, can vary quite widely in the level of its revenues, including in the form of taxes, imposing (cancelling) taxes, reducing (increasing) tax rates, fixing the objects of taxation, etc. This variation should be based on planned government expenditure. The relative value of taxes is determined by formula:
where: • RT – relative taxes for the year; • A – absolute amount of taxes for the year; • GDP – gross domestic product produced for the whole year.
If the extreme living conditions of the state and society (war, environmental disasters, economic crisis, etc.) correspond to an extremely high level of taxation, then under normal conditions the state should focus on the optimal amount of government spending, accordingly, striving for the optimal amount of taxes collected. The principled approach of calculating the value of the taxes collected, along with other (non-tax) State revenues, according to the amount of the planned State expenditure cannot be absolute, it must be implemented to the extent possible. It is obvious that, however much the State needs a certain amount of expenditure and however necessary or appropriate it may be for the successful socio-economic development of the country, but the authorities will be forced to limit their spending to limits that dictate the extent of the State’s potential revenues, including in the form of monetary issues, domestic and foreign borrowing. A
55 th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – Baku, 18-19 June, 2020
397 However, the state always has a choice of the size of its income, including in tax form, from a very wide range, which can be expanded as a result of effective monetary and financial policies of the state. We have compiled a model for optimizing the planned amount of taxes at the state level, when considering which we must keep in mind the following: [5]: 1. The value of taxes and payments assimilated to them is derived from the effect of the determining factors. Sequences are numbered by predetermined and determinant factors.
2. The determining factors, in their order of importance and impact, are highlighted: • firstly, the strategy of socio-economic development of the country; • secondly, an indicative plan for socio-economic development for the medium term (approximately 5 years); • thirdly, the specification of the indicative medium-term plan for socio-economic development in relation to the coming year; • fourthly, planning the amount of government spending with the determination of income in their equal amount. 3. 3. The determining factors are taken into account when optimizing the amount of state taxes. These predetermining factors are taken as a prerequisite for optimizing the value of taxes. 4. Planned state revenues for the coming year are the final, resulting factor. 5. Before determining the desired amount of taxes, it is necessary to mobilize as much as possible non-tax revenues of the state, first of all, revenues from state-owned objects (revenues from existing enterprises and organizations, revenues from privatization of state assets, revenues from state property abroad, rents for real estate and other). 6. Other State revenues are then raised that do not include any form of income on its property. As an example, interest payments on external loans extended to other countries may be cited. 7. Revenue from the issuance of money, but not of any kind, is a critical factor in the generation of government revenue, which may well compete with State property and other State revenues, the result is an increase in the number of factors of production available in the country, resulting in an additional output that provides commercial cover for the money being issued. 8. The next factor is customs duties, which in their economic essence are taxes, in other words, taxes for crossing the state border, differentiated by groups of goods by export and import. 9. Taxes and equivalent payments, but the sequence we have established relates to the determination of the revenue of the State budget. This means that after the mobilization of the previous revenue-generating factors of the State budget, the revenue shortfall must be covered by taxes. This amount is subject to adjustment for the amount of tax credits granted, repayment of earlier tax credits, tax incentives that reduce the total tax revenues, consequently, this amount should be increased by the amount of tax relief granted. 10. The state should very carefully and cautiously resort to government loans, bearing in mind the possible reduction in borrowing by increasing the amount of taxes collected.
With the exception of special circumstances, the state should resort to loans (internal and external) only within the framework of increasing its income in the future to a level that allows servicing and paying off state debt.
The stable development of the Azerbaijani economy allows you to first form the optimal amount of expenses, and only then, under it to mobilize income, including taxes, distributing them between taxpayers and types of tax payments. In the case of miscalculations in the ongoing 55 th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – Baku, 18-19 June, 2020
398 economic reforms, it is necessary to intensify and finally begin to fully and effectively use the objective opportunities of the country for its sustainable and rapid economic growth. Then, tax optimization in accordance with approaches and recommendations may be on the agenda of practical actions in the field of taxation and its regulation. From today’s perspective, however, these developments are forward-looking, not at present, but an alternative for the future. This does not mean, however, that the designs proposed in the article are indifferent to the present time. On the contrary, taxation in it assumes meaning and purpose only if the prospects for future development are sufficiently substantiated and elaborated. The tax system allows not only to distribute the tax burden taking into account the social structure of society, but also to adjust the tax policy when the economic situation changes, providing the state with financial resources. At the same time, an excessive amount of taxes negatively affects the ability of taxpayers to make timely and correct payments to the state budget. Since, in a market economy, the main objective of taxpayers is to earn income, the tax system should be as focused as possible on determining the generation of income in any activity and in any form, establish a method for calculating the corresponding income without overburdening a particular income. The latter is particularly important, as the tax system, while ensuring that a portion of revenues is deducted from the State budget, should not distort the motivations of market actors. It is crystal clear, that the data in Table 1 reveals an increase in tax revenues to the state budget of Azerbaijan, both in total and for certain types of taxes.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Revenues-total 10762.7 10325.9 11403.0 15700.7 17281.5 19496.3 18400.6 17498.0 17505.7 16516.7 22508.9 Value Added Tax 1910.9 2012.8
2082.5 2222.7 2366.9 2710.0 3119.6 3454.7
3623.5 3668.6
4287.6 Excise
486.9 485.1
514.9 480.2
531.5 593.3
797.3 647.8
625.1 612.6
728.6 Profit tax of legal entities 2862.3 1329.2
1429.9 2134.0 2252.0 2374.8 2302.7 2211.1
1983.2 2285.9
2499.7 Land tax 30.6 26.2
35.3 35.3
30.6 33.1
35.4 48.7
50.3 50.4
50.6 Tax on income of individuals 627.2 581.9
590.2 715.7
813.0 859.7
980.3 982.5
1145.7 1040.3
995.9 Tax related with foreign economic activities 449.7
418.1 291.8
433.1 592.5
675.2 684.7
934.5 861.2
903.0 1143.7
Property tax 112.9
66.2 101.8
103.9 105.1
125.1 141.3
148.2 174.7
178.6 182.2
Other taxes 96.8
86.8 90.3
140.6 157.6
161.5 192.7
247.7 457.0
505.7 561.6
Other returns 4037.7
5197.7 6136.2 9305.4 10306.5 11842.1 10030.4 8706.7 8474.7 7160.5
11921.6 Tax on mining 147.7 121.9
130.1 129.8
125.8 121.5
116.2 116.1
110.3 111.1
137.4 Table 1: Receipt of taxes and other payments to the state budget of Azerbaijan for 2008-2018. amount in million manats [5]
As a result of the targeted policy and structural reforms carried out in 2019, our country achieved macroeconomic stability, accelerated economic growth and sustained economic development. In 2019 13.5 billion dollars of investments were invested in Azerbaijan. Since 2003 till present the economy of Azerbaijan grew in general by 3.4 times. It is record level in the world. For these 16 years industrial production grew by 2.7 times, agriculture – twice, a foreign trade turnover – by 6.4 times, export – by 7.6 times, including not oil export - by 5.2 times. Our currency reserves grew by 27 times. In 2003 currency reserves made 1.8 billion dollars, following the results of 2019 – 51 billion dollars [6]. The surplus of the state budget of Azerbaijan for January-February 2020 was 283 million manats, or 2.2% of GDP.
Total
7112,0 7118,0 100,1 7010,0 7016,0 100,1 7210,0 7645,0 106,0 Including:
Oil sector 2300,0 2090,0
90,9 1610,0
1610,0 100,0
1755,0 1840,0
104,0 Non-oil sector 4812,0 5028,0
104,5 5400,0
5406,0 100.1
5455,0 5805,0
106,0 Table 2: Tax revenues from the oil and non-oil sectors to the state budget of Azerbaijan for 2017-2019. amount in million manats [5]
55 th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – Baku, 18-19 June, 2020
399 In the first two months, state budget revenues exceeded 3.613 billion manat (an increase of 2.3% compared to January-February last year), expenditures - 3.330 billion manat (an increase of 12.1%). Azerbaijan's nominal GDP for January-February amounted to 12.578 billion manat. The forecast for state budget revenues for 2020 is more than 24.134 billion manat, expenditures - 26.895 billion manat. It should be noted that the tax system, including income and property taxes, VAT, fishing tax and some others, is more stable and stable compared to less diversified taxation. It is the circumstance, despite differences in historical heritage, that led to the relative proximity of tax systems in developed countries, as evidenced by comparative studies of the International Monetary Fund [3]. Moreover, since the economy of Azerbaijan is not isolated from the global economy, it is important that the tax system is closer to its European counterparts. Creating a tax system that is significantly different from others can create problems for foreign investors and foreign companies operating in Azerbaijan, as well as for local companies entering global markets. In particular, such a tax system will automatically lead to the impossibility of using double taxation avoidance agreements, since they are applicable only to similar taxes that are simultaneously operating in the contracting states. That is why the tax legislation of Azerbaijan considers a number of provisions relating to international tax relations. So, for example, articles 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and 2.7-1. The Tax Code of Azerbaijan provides for the following: if international treaties to which the Republic of Azerbaijan has acceded establish tax provisions that are different from those stipulated by the Tax Code and normative legal acts adopted in accordance with it, then the provisions of these international treaties apply [1]. If the international double tax treaty to which the Republic of Azerbaijan has acceded is used by a person who is not a resident of the state that has concluded such an agreement, to receive benefits and privileges, then with regard to tax benefits and privileges provided by the said agreement to a resident of the state that has concluded such an agreement, the provisions of article 2.5. Tax Code does not apply. If agreements and laws on the share of production, on the main pipeline, etc., approved before or after the entry into force of the Tax Code, including laws on the oil and gas activities of export direction and on special economic zones, oil and gas, provisions other than those provided for in the Tax Code and other legal acts on taxes are established, the provisions of the said agreements or laws are applied [1]. In the conditions of rapid development of the world market, the tax systems of most developed countries are unified, which creates the conditions for a free cross-country overflow of investment capital and its integration. It is unlikely that Azerbaijan should deviate from the general trend, since this will inevitably lead to its isolation from the general integration processes and will hamper the access of foreign investors to the local market. Equalizing the tax burden on market participants ensures the neutrality of the tax system, which is important for the development of free market competition. Ignoring it can lead to a deformation of the investment structure, as well as to a weakening economy. It is known that tax incentives are provided through tax incentives. Tax benefits are recognized benefits provided to certain categories of taxpayers provided by tax legislation compared with other taxpayers, including the ability to not pay tax or pay it in a smaller amount. On the one hand, tax benefits reduce the revenues of the State budget, but at the same time reduce its economic and social expenditures. Tax relief is justified by the principle of tax equity. The system of tax incentives is determined by the main directions of state economic and social policy. Nevertheless, foreign experience shows that flexible tax regulation with the help of tax incentives ensured the creation of a progressive economic structure, the competitiveness of products on the world market and made it possible to abandon many benefits at present. Therefore, the widespread use of tax incentives is typical mainly for countries with developing economies. Tax incentives increase the economic opportunities of economic agents, equalize the initial operating conditions, expand the scope of productive investment and thus create favourable conditions for its further growth, as well as affecting the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the development of 55 th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – Baku, 18-19 June, 2020
400 infrastructure and, as a result, the broadening of the tax base in the future. One of the most important elements of the tax policy pursued in our country is the creation of a favorable business environment, the focus of the business on developing the economy, and meeting the economic interests of not only the state, but also entrepreneurs, farms and citizens. The adopted strategic government programs contribute to the development of the business environment and the relationship between tax authorities and taxpayers. Strategic Roadmaps for the national economy and main sectors of the economy are designed to ensure the competitiveness of the economy, its inclusion and increase of social welfare based on sustainable economic development in Azerbaijan [2]. The adoption and enactment of the Tax Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan made it possible to systematize the existing norms and regulations governing the taxation process and bring them into an orderly, unified, logically integral and coordinated system. A characteristic feature of the Tax Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan is the introduction of special tax regimes. It should be noticed that, foreign investors are much more interested in the stability of the tax system, which allows predicting activities for a long period. With this in mind, Azerbaijan has concluded a number of international agreements in the area of taxation. In order to stimulate the attraction of foreign investment in the economy, accelerate the development of the richest oil fields, a special tax regime has been established for foreign companies engaged in hydrocarbon activities in the Republic of Azerbaijan in accordance with oil contracts, the tax rate on the income of foreign legal entities in the form of dividends and interest from sources in Azerbaijan has been reduced from 15 per cent to 10 per cent, etc. In order to support the development of entrepreneurship and increase the benefits of doing business, amendments to the Tax Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan were also introduced in 2019, How to reduce the degree of simplified tax the granting of term tax credits for retail trade and non-cash catering, exempting small entrepreneurs from income and expenditure tax on dividend income, deducting from income the non-profit expenses of taxpayers, including a certain portion of subsidies allocated to health, education, culture and sports. According to amendments to the Tax Code of Azerbaijan from January 1, 2019 for a period of 7 years, a 100% tax benefit is provided for the collection of income tax on the salary of an employee working in the non-oil and gas and private sectors. This tax benefit applies to salaries of up to 8,000 manat. If the employee's salary exceeds 8,000 manat, then in this case the employee pays income tax in the amount of 14% of the amount exceeding 8,000 manat. In addition, amendments to the law "On Social Insurance" were adopted. Amendments to the system for collecting compulsory social insurance contributions provide for the application of a differentiated rate for non-state companies operating in the non-oil sector. In particular, if the employee’s salary is up to 200 manat, then the employee directly pays 3% of the salary for social insurance, the employer - 22%. If the employee’s salary exceeds 200 manat, then he will pay 6 manat for social insurance + 10% of the amount in excess of 200 manat. In this case, the employer will pay 44 manat + 15% of the amount in excess of 200 manat [5]. Long-term tax incentives for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises have been adopted. In particular, companies in the small and medium business cluster (SME) for 7 years from the date of registration in the SME register are exempt from income tax, land tax and VAT. Tax incentives were adopted for individuals and legal entities engaged in retail trade or operating in the field of catering, which stimulate non-cash payments. Benefits apply to income tax, income tax and simplified tax. According to the changes, when calculating the tax of a natural or legal person engaged in retail trade or a public catering facility, a portion of the tax on profits or income derived from transactions made through POS terminals will be included. The benefit for this part of the tax is 25%. For a similar period, it is proposed that VAT be exempted from import by the companies of the SME cluster of machinery, technological equipment and devices for production or processing. In addition, part of the income from the services provided by entrepreneurs participating in the SME cluster, aimed at capital expenditures, is exempted from |
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