Option 1 Definitions of management

2.Оrganizational and administrative management methods.
Organizational and administrative methods of management are characterized by direct impact on the management object, which are directive, i.e. binding character. They are based on power, coercion, discipline, responsibility. This group of methods is considered to be the toughest group, since it does not allow employees to choose their behavior in the organization. Organizational and administrative methods of management, consist of two subgroups:1.organizational methods include rationing, regulation, organizational design;2.Administrative methods include orders, instructions, commands.Organizational methods include: regulations - a clear consolidation of functions and work, rationing - setting standards for the performance of work, instruction - familiarization with the circumstances of the work, its explanation Organizational and administrative methods are mainly based on the authority of the leader, his rights, the discipline and responsibility inherent in the organization. The leader is presented here as an administrator, a subject of power, based on the right granted to him in this.In essence, organizational and administrative methods are methods of coercion, which retain their strength until labor turns into a first vital need. In general terms, the system of organizational and administrative methods can be represented as a set of two equivalent elements: the impact on the management structure and on the management process (preparation, adoption, organization of implementation and control over management decisions). Organizational management methods are ways of influencing organizational relationships to achieve specific goals.
Option 23
1. Classical and administrative management school
One of the first schools of management thought, the classical management theory, developed during the Industrial Revolution when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non‐English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. As a result, the classical management theory developed from efforts to find the “one best way” to perform and manage tasks. This school of thought is made up of two branches: classical scientific and classical administrative, described in the following sections.The classical scientific branch arose because of the need to increase productivity and efficiency. The emphasis was on trying to find the best way to get the most work done by examining how the work process was actually accomplished and by scrutinizing the skills of the workforce.The classical scientific school owes its roots to several major contributors, including Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Frederick Taylor is often called the “father of scientific management.” Taylor believed that organizations should study tasks and develop precise procedures. As an example, in 1898, Taylor calculated how much iron from rail cars Bethlehem Steel plant workers could be unloading if they were using the correct movements, tools, and steps. The result was an amazing 47.5 tons per day instead of the mere 12.5 tons each worker had been averaging. In addition, by redesigning the shovels the workers used, Taylor was able to increase the length of work time and therefore decrease the number of people shoveling from 500 to 140. Lastly, he developed an incentive system that paid workers more money for meeting the new standard. Productivity at Bethlehem Steel shot up overnight. As a result, many theorists followed Taylor's philosophy when developing their own principles of management.The classical administrative school of management arose from the need to make business management a professional career. Discover how different theorists contributed to developing the classical administrative school of management, what compelled them to do so, and how the new version differed from other types of managing an organization. As the idea of systematic management grew in popularity, so did the amount of people who were interested in defining and improving the practice. People like Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett, and Chester Barnard were among the theorists who sought an alternative, more general approach from the highly specialized functions of scientific management. Whereas scientific management concentrated on the productivity of the individual worker, administrative management focused on management processes and principles of the entire organization. Essentially, the goal of management theory shifted from concern for precise work methods to the development of managerial principles. Thus, classical administrative management was born. .