Option 1 Definitions of management

Оption number 20
1.Current and prospective goals, problem and innovation goals, “goal hierarchy” and goal tree.
A goal is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan and commit to achieve. A goal is nearly similar to a purpose or aim.The goal space is characterized by different classification criteria:- hierarchy level (global and local);- type (competitive and financial goals);- relevance (strategic and tactical);- period of time (long-term, medium-term, short-term) and others. Therefore, it is important to build a hierarchy of goals, i.e. systems of global and local goals. The Goal Hierarchy is a goal-oriented iterative method that can be used to define the scope of your project. This by setting goals that can be brought up to date as knowledge expands. The method consists of a hierarchy with a main goal on top followed by sub-goals, project-goals, deliveries, and success criteria.A goal tree is a graphical representation of the relationship between goals and the means of achieving them, built on the principle of deductive logic and using heuristic.

The method for constructing a tree of goals was proposed in 1957 by American researchers Russel Ackoff and Charles Churchman. The main rule is the completeness of the goals described. Each goal should be presented as subgoals of the next level. Breaking a top-level goal into subgoals is called goal decomposition. Requirements for goals:goals should be clear and specific;-the goals must be real and achievable;-the goals must have a quantitative measure;-the goals must be clear to the performers;- objectives should be detailed by department and subject
2. School of behavioral sciences
Behavioral Science Theory combines elements of psychology, sociology, and anthropology to provide a scientific basis for understanding employee behavior. It examines why employees are motivated by specific factors, such as social needs, conflicts, and self-actualization. It recognizes individuality and the need for managers to be sociable. The behavioral approach is unique from the human relations theory in that it emphasizes leadership as a determining factor in management success. It presents an increased focus on group relationships and group behavior in organizational effectiveness. The objective of behavioral science is the ability to predict future employee behaviors. The main propositions of the behavioral science approach can be summarized as under.1.An organization is a socio-technical system 2.The interpersonal or group behavior of people in the organization is influenced by a wide range of factors.3.The goals of the organization are to be harmonized with an understanding of the human needs 4.Multitude of attitudes, perceptions, and values are prevalent amongst employees and these characterize their behavior and influence their performance 5.As a result, some degree of conflict is inevitable in the organization and not necessarily undesirable.The School of Behavioral Sciences has departed significantly from the School of Human Relations, which focused primarily on methods of building interpersonal relationships. The new approach sought to help the employee to a greater extent in realizing their own capabilities by applying the concepts of behavioral sciences to the construction and management of organizations.