Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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- Abstract BACKGROUND
- Metabolically Obese Normal Weight And Phenotypically Obese Metabolically Normal Youths: The CASPIAN Study.
- Abstract OBJECTIVES
- Abstract OBJECTIVE
- DESIGN
PARTICIPANTS: Eighty individuals aged 18 to 34 years (40 normal and 40
overweight and obese subjects) were evaluated in this study. METHODS: The periodontal examination consisted of: Plaque Index (PLI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL). Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist circumference (WC) were used as measures of overall and abdominal fat content. Socio-demographic variables and periodontal disease risk factors (age, gender, education, time elapsed since last dental visit, smoking and diabetes) were evaluated as covariates. The statistical tests used were: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Independent Samples T- test, ANOVA, Exact fisher, Chi-Square test and Spearman's rank correlation (Rsp).
compared to control (2.82 +/- 0.4 versus 2.56 +/- 0.36, P < 0.002 and 1.98 +/- 0.5 versus 1.63 +/- 0.335, P < 0.000 respec vely). Subjects with a high waist circumference had significant differences of PPD and CAL when compared to normal waist circumference subjects (P < 0.000). There were also positive correlations between measures of overall fat content BMI and PPD (Rsp = 0.33), CAL (Rsp = 0.39) and age (Rsp = 0.42) on one side and the measure of WC and PPD (Rsp = 0.32), CAL (Rsp = 0.44), age (Rsp = 0.48) and PLI (Rsp = 0.3) on the other.
associated with the extent of periodontal disease in a sample of Iranian young individuals and therefore prevention and management of obesity may be an additional factor for improving periodontal health. 202
Clin Chem. 2008 Jan;54(1):147-53. Epub 2007 Nov 12. Association of Changes in Oxidative and Proinflammatory States with Changes in Vascular Function after a Lifestyle Modification Trial among Obese Children. Kelishadi R, Hashemi M, Mohammadifard N, Asgary S, Khavarian N. Preventive Pediatric Cardiology Department, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. kroya@aap.net
proinflammatory states with vascular function after diet and exercise intervention among obese children has not been previously explored.
children, age 12 to 18 years, we evaluated the relationship between changes in anthropometric indices, measures of insulin resistance, C- reactive protein (CRP), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), and oxidative stress markers with changes in carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) and flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. RESULTS: At the end of the study, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and percentage body fat were decreased (P <0.05), but par cipants remained overweight (BMI > or = 95th percen le). Although FMD improved (P <0.05), the improvement in C-IMT did not reach statistical significance. The changes in BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, ox-LDL, malondialdehyde (MDA), CRP, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) had an inverse correlation with the changes in mean FMD after adjustment for age and sex, with the highest correlations documented for ox-LDL, CRP, and WC. The age- and sex- adjusted changes in ox-LDL, waist circumference, CRP, MDA, and body fat mass had the highest correlations with changes in C-IMT.
condition associated with childhood obesity, notably with abdominal fat deposition, may play a role in the development of the earliest stages of proatherosclerotic inflammatory processes and subsequent vascular dysfunction. These changes might be partially reversible by short-term diet and exercise intervention, even if patients do not reach ideal body weight. 203
Child Care Health Dev. 2008 Jan;34(1):44-54. Thinness, Overweight and Obesity in a National Sample of Iranian Children and Adolescents: CASPIAN Study. Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, Majdzadeh R, Hosseini M, Gouya MM, Razaghi EM, Delavari A, Motaghian M, Barekati H, Mahmoud-Arabi MS, Lock K; Caspian Study Group. Preventive Pediatric Cardiology Department, Deputy for Research, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Centre (WHO-Collaborating Centre in EMR), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. kroya@aap.net
of different grades of nutritional status (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity) among Iranian school-students and to compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity using three different sets of criteria. METHODS: This cross-sectional national survey was conducted on a representa ve sample of 21 111 school students including 10 253 boys (48.6%) and 10 858 girls (51.4%) aged 6-18 years, selected by mul stage random cluster sampling from urban (84.6%) and rural (15.4%) areas of 23 provinces in Iran The percentage of subjects in the corresponding body mass index (BMI) categories of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the obtained national percentiles were assessed and compared. RESULTS: There was no gender differences in BMI, but was higher in boys living in urban than in rural areas (18.4 +/- 3.88 vs. 17.86 +/- 3.66 kg/m(2) respec vely, P < 0.05). The prevalence of underweight was 13.9% (8.1% of boys and 5.7% of girls) according to the CDC percen les, and 5% (2.6% of boys and 2.4% of girls) according to the obtained percen les. According to the CDC, IOTF and national cut-offs, the prevalence of overweight was 8.82%, 11.3% and 10.1% respec vely; and the prevalence of obesity was 4.5%, 2.9% and 4.79% respec vely. The prevalence of overweight was highest (10.98%) in the 12-year-old group and that of obesity (7.81%) in the 6-year-old group. The kappa correla on coefficient was 0.71 between the CDC and IOTF criteria, 0.64 between IOTF and national cut-offs, and 0.77 between CDC and national cut-offs.
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CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study warrant the necessity of paying special attention to monitoring of the time trends in child obesity based on uniform definitions, as well as to design programmes to prevent and control associated factors.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Jan;108(1):82-90. Metabolically Obese Normal Weight And Phenotypically Obese Metabolically Normal Youths: The CASPIAN Study. Kelishadi R, Cook SR, Motlagh ME, Gouya MM, Ardalan G, Motaghian M, Majdzadeh R, Ramezani MA. Preventive Pediatric Cardiology Department, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Kelishadi@med.mui.ac.ir Abstract OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in children with generalized, central, or combined types of obesity and to possibly discover if a phenotypically obese metabolically normal and a metabolically obese normal weight phenotype could be identified in children and adolescents. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study is the baseline survey of a national longitudinal study. SUBJECT/SETTING: Overall 4,811
na onally representa ve children, aged 6 to 18 years, were recruited from the community through randomly selected schools within six provinces in Iran. In addition to physical examination, fasting glucose and lipid profile were assessed.
variable, cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome were dependent variables. Prevalence of risk factors in different types of obesity was compared by multivariate analysis of variance and post-hoc tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between obesity type and the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Varying with age and sex groups, 6% to 9% of children were categorized into the isolated central obesity group, 7.5% to 11% into the isolated generalized obesity, and 14% to 16.5% into the combined type group. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and metabolic syndrome was higher in those children with combined obesity than in those
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with the other two types of obesity, as well as in the central than in the generalized obesity groups. Phenotypically obese metabolically normal subjects were more prevalent in the generalized obesity group. The likelihood of metabolic syndrome was highest in those with combined obesity (odds ra o 3.7, 95% confidence interval 3.1 to 4), and lowest in generalized obesity group (odds ra o 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 2.5).
health hazards of abdominal obesity in children. The finding of metabolically obese normal weight children suggests that additional investigation for cardiovascular risk factors may be warranted in normal- weight children with an ethnic predisposition to chronic diseases.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;62(1):1-9. Epub 2007 Mar 7. The Associations between Current Recommendation for Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Obesity. Akbartabartoori M, Lean ME, Hankey CR. 1Nutri on and Biochemistry Department, School of Public Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between current recommended physical activity levels and body mass index (BMI) with some cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and blood pressure), general health score (GHQ12) and predicted coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. DESIGN: Further analysis of the cross-sec onal Sco sh Health Survey 1998 data.
SUBJECTS: Five thousand four hundred and sixty adults 16-74 years of age. RESULTS: After controlling for some confounding factors, obesity was significantly associated with higher odds ratio (OR) for elevated cholesterol, CRP, systolic blood pressure, non-HDL-C and lower HDL-C (P<0.001), and with greater predicted CHD risk compared to BMI <25 kg/m(2). Regular self- reported physical activity was associated with smaller OR of lower HDL-C and higher CRP, and average predicted 10-year CHD risk in obese subjects, 206
but did not eliminate the higher risk of the measured CVD risk factors in this group. The OR of these two risk factors were s ll high 4.39 and 2.67, respec vely, when compared with those who were inac ve with BMI <25 kg/m(2) (P<0.001). Those who reported being physically ac ve had be er GHQ scores in all BMI categories (P<0.001).
levels may reduce some CVD risk factors, predicted CHD risk and improve psychosocial health, but may not eliminate the extra risk imposed by overweight/obesity. Therefore, increasing physical activity and reducing body weight should be considered to tackle CVD risk factors.
Arch Iran Med. 2008 Jan;11(1):10-5. Overweight Adolescents: A Group at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome (Tehran Adolescent Obesity Study). Moayeri H, Rabbani A, Keihanidoust ZT, Bidad K, Anari S. Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. hmoayeri-endo@yahoo.com Abstract BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome not only is a serious problem for adults, but is also afflicting an increasing number of children and adolescents. This syndrome is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a sample of Iranian adolescents.
participated in a community-based cross sectional survey. Anthropometric examinations including height, weight, body mass index, and blood pressure were assessed. A fasting blood sample was taken for measurement of glucose and lipid profile. Metabolic syndrome was determined by the definition released by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, which was modified for age.
was no gender difference in the distribution of metabolic syndrome. When stra fied by body mass index, 22.5% were overweight (BMI> or =95th percentile) besides having the criteria for metabolic syndrome, while the remaining 4.1% of the adolescents were at risk for overweight (BMI between 85th and 95th percen le) together with metabolic syndrome. 207
Hypertriglyceridemia was the most common and high-density lipoprotein was the least common constituent of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: This study suggests a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among overweight Iranian adolescents. This poses a serious threat to the current and future health of Iranian youth.
Jqums, 2008;12(1):73-79 Prevalence of Obesity among School Children in Neishabour (2005) A R Dorosty * , F Baygi and M R Eshraghian Email: a.dorosty@mailcity.com Abstract BACKGROUND: At present, the prevalence of obesity among children and youngsters is rapidly increasing in developed countries. Few studies have been carried out on childhood obesity in Iran using standard references.
Neishabour using several references including Iranian reference, CDC 2000 and IOTF 2000.
selected by a two-stage cluster sampling. Height and weight of students were measured and BMI was calculated. Obesity was defined as having a BMI≥95th percen le of Iranian reference or CDC. Also, the students with BMI greater than IOTF values were identified as obese.
CDC and IOTF were 8.5% (CI 95%, 7.1-10.0%), 4.6% (CI 95%, 3.5-6.0%), and 7.3% (CI 95%, 6.0-9.0%), respec vely. Using CDC reference, a significant difference in prevalence of obesity between girls and boys (5.8% vs. 3.1%) was found (p<0.05). When the Iranian reference was applied, the prevalence of obesity was shown to be significantly higher in boys aged 7 and 8 compared to girls (15.2% vs. 6.4% and 12.5% vs. 4.0%), respec vely (p<0.05). Finally, the applica on of IOTF reference produced no significant difference in prevalence of obesity between girls and boys.
prevalence of obesity were not the same, use of relevant BMI percentile is recommended.
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Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 2008;18(1):38-46 Longitudinal Pattern and Reference Values of Obesity Indices of Infants in Jahrom (Southern Region of), Iran Seyed Taghi Heidari, Mohammad Ali Vakili, Fatemeh Emamghorashi Abstract OBJECTIVE: Obesity (scaled weight-by-height index) charts of a cohort of 597 healthy infants (391 boys and 206 girls) living in Jahrom (Southern Iran) are presented.
develop power type obesity indices, I p =W/H
p . Polynomial modeling was used by applying HRY (Healy, Rasbash, Yang) nonparametric method to estimate age-related smoothed centiles of obesity. FINDINGS: The op mal value of p was found to be 2.5 for girls and 2 for boys. No more than cubic and quadratic polynomials were needed to fit obesity-for-age smoothly for infants. Infant's obesity increases from birth to six months of age and decreases later on to the age of 20 months when it becomes stable.
is an appropriate index which explores the degree of fatness. A local standard for assessing obesity in clinical practice as well as community health programs in Iran is of urgent need; our data serve this purpose.
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World applied Science Jornal, 2008;5(2):193-198 Total Calcium Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle Aged Women, Babol, Iran 1Mouloud Agajani Delavar, 2Lye Munn Sann, 3Khor Geok Lin, 4Syed Tajuddin B. Syed Hassan and 5Parichehr Hanachi. 1Department of Midwifery, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran 2Community Health Department, UPM, Malaysia 3Nutri on Department, UPM, Malaysia 4Community Health Department, UPM, Malaysia 5Women Research, Alzahra University, Iran
The metabolic syndrome is an increasingly common condition, especially in women. The objective was to examine the relationship between total calcium and metabolic syndrome in Babolian middle aged women. A systema c random sampling method was used to select 984 women aged 30-50 years of age from urban area in Babol, Mazandaran, Iran. The ATP III criteria were used to classify study participants as having metabolic syndrome. We evaluated eating and drinking patterns by a food frequency questionnaire. Dairy products significantly were consumed in women with metabolic syndrome lower than women without metabolic syndrome (p =0.0001). Those in the highest quar le of calcium intake were lower fasting glucose (p =0.0001), less likely to be abdominal obese (p = 0.0001) and had higher HDL- cholesterol (p = 0.0001), lower triglyceride (p =0.0001 and lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (p =0.0001). The risk of metabolic syndrome for women in the first quartile category of calcium was higher than for those in the highest quar le (OR= 13.200; 95% CI =0.12, 21.93). This study showed that an inverse favorable associa on of total calcium intake and the metabolic syndrome. It may be supported current dietary recommendations to increase intakes of foods contain calcium but still ambiguous, suggests that high calcium intake has benefits on traits of the metabolic syndrome.
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Gastroenterology and Hepatology from bed to bench. 2008, 1(2). Association of Body Mass Index with Digestive Symptoms and Signs in Northwest of Iran Manouchehr Khoshbaten Abstract Aim: To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and certain digestive symptoms and signs. Background: Obesity is of substantial health significance all over the world, and it is categorized by the world health organization among top ten global health problems. There is much evidence that indicates a higher prevalence of digestive symptoms in obese people. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in city of Tabriz in north-west of Iran. One-thousand and seventy-one families with 4225 members were randomly selected. The associa on of diges ve symptoms and signs with BMI was assessed. Results: Of 4225 family members, 2485 who were above 18 years old agreed to par cipate in the study. The prevalence of obesity was 20.1%, and 33.3% were overweight. There was a positive relation between increased BMI and specific diges ve symptoms. Cons pa on (P=0.043), bloa ng (P=0.03), dysphagia (P=0.024), protruding anal mass (P
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