Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Download 5.37 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- General Obesity and Central Adiposity in a Representative Sample of Tehranian Adults
- Abstract AIMS
- DESIGN
- Abstract BACKGROUND
- High Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Women of Islamshahr, Iran.
- Overweight and Obesity among School-Aged Children of Metropolitan Tehran, Iran
- Overweight and Obesity and Their Associated Factors in Adolescents in Tehran, Iran, 2004–2005
- Abstract OVERVIEW
CONCLUSION: 43% of pa ents in this study were aged 70 years or older, which is similar to other studies. There was no significant difference in BMI between the case and control groups. Recent studies indicate that obesity is a probable risk factor for progression of ARMD, but there is no significant relation with the presence of ARMD. With multifactorial analysis, the authors could identify no significant relation between the presence of ARMD and the studied risk factors.
249
Obes Rev. 2005 Aug;6(3):191-2. Prevalence of Obesity in Iran. Rashidi A, Mohammadpour-Ahranjani B, Vafa MR, Karandish M. National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Sh. Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. arashrashidi@yahoo.com Abstract Recent descriptive studies suggest that Iran has geared in the nutrition and epidemiological transition processes. Therefore, while the problems of undernutrition (e.g. growth retardation and micronutrient deficiencies) still exist, the burden of overweight/obesity and diet-related chronic diseases is increasing. The prevalence of overweight (body mass index > or = 85th reference percen les) among urban 15-39 and 40-69 year olds is es mated at about 22% and 40% respec vely. Corresponding values in rural areas are 16% and 26%. The transi on seems faster among female popula on at national level. There are however, great differences between different provinces. Urgent preventive strategies are needed to simultaneously tackle both forms of malnutrition in the country.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2005 Jul;75(4):297-304. General Obesity and Central Adiposity in a Representative Sample of Tehranian Adults: Prevalence and Determinants. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Shiva N, Azizi F. Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abstract AIMS: To determine the prevalence and associations of general and central obesity in adults residing in district 13 of Tehran and to examine the associations of obesity with certain factors.
70 years. 250
METHODS: Demographic data were collected and anthropometric indices including weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were measured, according to standard protocols. Dietary intake was assessed by means of two 24-hour dietary recall forms. To determine the prevalence and association of general and central obesity, the suggested cut-off for Tehranian people, adjusted for their age group, was used. A body mass index (BMI) of > or =24 for men and > or =25 for women was used to determine the characteristic of obesity. Central obesity was determined as a waist-hip ra o (WHR) of > 0.86 for men and WHR > or = 0.78 for women. To determine the associations between general and central obesity and other factors, logistic regression was used.
25.8 +/- 4.1 kg/m2, 88.3 +/- 11.4 cm, and 0.91 +/- 0.07 in men and 27.3 +/- 5.4 kg/m2, 87.5 +/- 12.9 cm, and 0.83 +/- 0.08 in women, respec vely. Obesity and central obesity were higher in women than in men; 67% vs. 29% for obesity and 93% vs. 74.1% for central obesity, respec vely. Illiteracy (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.13-2.41 in men; OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.59- 2.21 in women), marriage (OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 3.63-4.29 in men; OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 3.63-4.19 in women), and very low physical ac vity (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.09-1.53 in men; OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10-1.76 in women) were factors associated with obesity. The risk of being centrally obese for men in the fourth quartile of legumes intake was lower than men in other quartiles (p < 0.05). Women in the first quar le of dairy consump on had the highest risk of being generally and centrally obese (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.72-2.48 for general obesity and OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 2.36-3.67 for central obesity). The risk of obesity for women in the fourth quartile of energy and saturated fatty acid consumption was higher than for those in the first quartile (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 2.39-3.11 for energy and OR = 1.36, 95% CI= 1.10-1.64 for saturated fatty acids). The risk of being centrally obese was higher for women in the first quartile of protein intake compared with women in the fourth quar le (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.02-2.32). CONCLUSIONS: The results from this national population-based study in Iran show high prevalence of obesity in Tehranian adults. The strong associations between obesity and certain life style factors confirm the necessity of multifactorial intervention.
251
Int J Cardiol. 2005 May 11;101(1):39-46. Is there an Independent Association between Waist-To- Hip Ratio and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women? Azizi F, Esmaillzadeh A, Mirmiran P, Ainy E. Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19395-4763, Tehran, I.R.,
Iran. azizi@erc-iran.com Abstract BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese women and to determine a point of WHR above which the chances of having cardiovascular risk factors increased. METHODS: In this cross-sec onal study, 2892 pre- and postmenopausal women aged 20-78 years with body mass index (BMI) > or = 25 selected from among 5791 women of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) popula on (n = 15,005), by mul stage cluster random sampling method, were included. Anthropometric indices were measured and BMI and WHR were calculated. Blood pressure was evaluated according to standard protocols. Biochemical indices were measured in the fasting state. Subjects were placed into the high-risk categories for cardiovascular disease on the basis of population-defined norms. Women were divided into quartiles based on their WHR: quar le 1: < 0.78, quar le 2: 0.78- < 0.83, quar le 3: 0.83- < 0.88, quar le 4: > or = 0.88 for premenopausal women, and quartile 1: < 0.84, quar le 2: 0.84- < 0.9, quar le 3: 0.9- < 0.94 and quar le 4: > or = 0.94 for postmenopausal women.
BMI > or = 35 were in quar le 1 and a higher propor on in quar le 4. A significant increasing trend was observed for odds ratio of having low HDL- C, high triglyceride, high total-/HDL-cholesterol and high fasting blood sugar (FBS) with increasing WHR. Controlling for BMI and simultaneously adjusting for confounding variables had no effect on this trend. Although no significant increasing trends were seen for having high total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure with quartiles of WHR in both pre- and postmenopausal women, subjects with higher quartiles of WHR still had higher chances for having high total cholesterol. In the case of postmenopausal women having of higher odds for high LDL-cholesterol and high systolic blood pressure in the fourth quartile of WHR should also be added to the high total cholesterol.
252
CONCLUSION: The results showed that in overweight and obese women, chances of having cardiovascular risk factors increased with WHR > or = 0.78 for premenopausal and with WHR > or = 0.84 for postmenopausal women.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Jan-Feb;49(1):3-8. Epub 2005 Feb 25. Trends in Overweight, Obesity and Central Fat Accumula on among Tehranian Adults between 1998- 1999 and 2001-2002: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Azizi F, Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P. Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19395, Tehran, Iran. azizi@erc.ac.ir Abstract AIMS: Recent estimates show the prevalence of obesity to be increasing at alarming rates. This study was conducted to examine trends of prevalence in overweight, obesity and central fat accumulation among Tehranian adults between 1998 and 2002. METHODS: Height and weight of 2,102 adults, aged 20-80 years, par cipants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, were measured in 1998- 1999 and remeasured in 2001-2002, a er 3 years. Criteria used to state prevalence of overweight and obesity were body mass index (BMI) 25-29.9 and > or =30, respec vely. Central fat accumulation was defined as waist- hip ra o (WHR) > or =0.8 in women and > or =0.9 in men. Individuals were divided into 10-year groups and the prevalence of obesity was compared according to sex and age. RESULTS: In 1998-1999 and 2001-2002, mean BMI was 26.1 +/- 4.1 and 26.7 +/- 4.1 kg/m(2) in men (p < 0.001) and 27.8 +/- 4.9 and 28.7 +/- 5.9 kg/m(2) in women (p < 0.001), respec vely. Mean WHR in women was 0.84 +/- 0.08 in 1998-1999 and 0.88 +/- 0.08 in 2001-2002 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of overweight in men was 42.5 and 46% and 40 and 39.5% in women in the two men oned periods. The prevalence of obesity was 32.7 and 40.3% in men and 16.5 and 20.8% in women in 1998-1999 and 2001-2002 respectively. In both sexes the fastest increasing trends in obesity and central fat accumula on were seen in the 30- to 40- and 20- to 30-year-old age groups. Comparison of the 50th percen le of BMI in all age groups showed a significant increase in 2001-2002 as compared to 1998-1999 (p < 0.01).
253
CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate significant rises in the prevalence of both total and central fat accumulation, calling for urgent action to educate people in lifestyle modifications.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005;14(2):169-72. High Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Women of Islamshahr, Iran. Sotoudeh G, Khosravi S, Khajehnasiri F, Khalkhali HR. Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Porsina Street, Ghods Street, Tehran, Iran. gsotodeh@sina.tums.ac.ir
This study determined the prevalence of overweight, overall and central obesity in female adolescents and women and their possible association with marital status, occupation, literacy, parity, daily meal and snack consumption. The study was a cross-sectional, random survey of households. Rural and urban areas of Islamshahr district in Iran were selected and 1003 female adolescents and women aged 10-65 years were studied. The frequency of overweight and obesity were similar in rural and urban areas. On the basis of body mass index (BMI), more than 19% of adolescents were overweight or at risk of it and 66.8% of adult females were overweight or obese. Frequency of central obesity [waist to hip ratio (WHR) > or = 0.85]was 35.7% in all females. The mean BMI was significantly higher in married women and in women with less than 8 years of formal education. The mean WHR was significantly higher in women with less than 8 years of educa on or with more than 6 parity female adults. In addi on, the mean BMIs and WHRs were significantly higher in women without any daily snack consumption. Overweight and obesity was very common in adult females of Islam shahr thus prevention of overweight and obesity through a healthy diet and increased physical activity should now be an important priority area. 254
Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 8, Number 1, 2005: 1 – 7. Obesity Pandemic: An Iranian Perspective Reza Malekzadeh MD • *, Mehdi Mohamadnejad MD**, Shahin Merat MD*, Akram Pourshams MD*, Arash Etemadi MD †
Authors affiliations: *Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, **Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, †Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. •Corresponding author and reprints: Reza Malekzadeh, MD, Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran 14114, Iran. Fax: +98-21-2253635, E-mail: malek@ams.ac.ir.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in most developed and developing countries have been increasing markedly over the past two decades. This increase includes all ages, genders, racial and ethnic groups, income, and educational levels. A variety of genetic, environmental, physiological, psychological and sociocultural factors influence the development of obesity. Iran like many other developing countries is now experiencing the global epidemic of obesity and its consequences. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and metabolic syndrome in Iran is equal to or higher than Europe and the United States and it is the primary cause of the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the important comorbid states such as hypertension, cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal diseases along with increasing the burden of cancers. This is also in line with the present etiologies of death in Iran with cardiovascular disease and cancer accoun ng for nearly 60% of causes of nontrauma c death. The prevalence of obesity in Iran has reached epidemic proportions and is specifically affecting women and younger age groups also. The increased consumption of calorie-dense regular and fast foods and sucrose-enriched drinks, together with an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, appear to be major factors contributing to this epidemic. The per capita consumption of carbonated beverages in Iran is 42 liters per year and 40% of Iranians consume more food than they need, and the average Iranian consumes 40% more carbohydrate and 30% more fat than needed. To deal with this epidemic, prevention should receive high priority and social measures such as taxing
255
fast foods, subsidizing fresh food and vegetables, and spending more public money on projects to promote physical activity are necessary. There is also emerging evidence that treating obese subjects, particularly those with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, has short-term effects on the prevention of diabetes; improves glucose, lipid, and blood pressure parameters; and is likely to have beneficial effects on long-term health outcomes.
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 4 (5): 342-344, 2005 Overweight and Obesity among School-Aged Children of Metropolitan Tehran, Iran Seyed Mohamad Hosein Mosavi Jazayeri, P.O. Box 16765-1776, Theran, Iran Abstract To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity based on Body Mass Index (BMI) values among children in Tehran. Cross-sectional survey of a randomized sample of school aged children in Tehran. A total of 3104 boys and girls in 3 aged groups with mean age 6, 8 and 10 years. The data consisted of parents-reported measures of height and weight that were obtained from questionnaires, and then BMI [weight (kg) / height (m)2] was calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher than expected as related to recent Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts in comparison to a recent International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) approach. These differences were higher among Iranian girls than boys. While obesity prevalence might not be important as a definition of IOTF and CDC, but rapid increases of obesity in recent years are potentially dangerous. International authorities should accelerate the efforts regarding construction a global BMI reference data, based on obesity definition in developing countries. 256
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005;14(1):54-9. Correlates of Under- and Over-Reporting of Energy Intake in Tehranians: Body Mass Index and Lifestyle-Related Factors. Azizi F, Esmaillzadeh A, Mirmiran P. Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran, azizi@erc.ac.ir Abstract Under- and over-reporting of energy intake are problems in dietary intake assessment. This study was conducted to assess the correlates of under- and over-repor ng of energy intake in Tehranians. Dietary data on 947 par cipants (415 males and 532 females) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study was collected by trained interviewers using two 24-hour recalls. Weight and height were measured by digital scale and tape measure according to standard protocols and recorded to the nearest 100 g and 1cm, respec vely. Under-, normal- and over-reporting of energy intake was defined as ra o of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (EI:BMR) <1.35, 1.35-2.39 and >or = 2.4, respec vely. Mean +/- SD of age was 37.3 +/-14.6 and 32.9 +/-13.6 years for men and women, respec vely. Men had higher EI:BMR than women (1.72 +/-0.44 vs 1.27 +/-0.44, P<0.001). EI and EI:BMR was highest in the youngest age groups in both sexes. The prevalences of under- and over-repor ng were 31% and 5%, respec vely. Fewer men than women underreported EI (19% vs 40%, P<0.001). The frac on of over- reporters was significantly higher in men than women (7% vs 3%, P<0.05). EI:BMR decreased with age. Under-reporters were older and had higher BMI than normal-reporters, but their educational level did not differ significantly. Over-reporters were younger and had lower BMI than normal- reporters, but their educational levels did not differ significantly. Most over- reporters had normal BMI. Smoking was more prevalent in over-reporters than in the normal-reporters (28% vs 19% in men and 6% vs 1% in women, P<0.01). The results showed a high prevalence of misrepor ng of energy intake in Tehran. This phenomenon is related to age, obesity and smoking habits.
257
East Mediterr Health J. 2004 Nov;10(6):887-97. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Tehran Adults: A Population-Based Study. Fazizi F, Esmaillzadeh A, Mirmiran FP. Endocrine Research Centre, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Abstract The relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors was assessed in 3622 males and 5025 females aged 20-70 years. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios were calculated. Obese men had a higher risk of hypertension, high total cholesterol (TC), high triglycerides (TG), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels than non-obese men. Centrally obese men were more susceptible to high TG, hypertension and high TC. Obese women had a higher chance of being hypertensive and having high total TC, high TG, high LDL-C and low HDL-C levels than non-obese females. Centrally obese women had higher odds for high TG and low HDL-C. There is a need for education about lifestyle change in the country.
European Journal of Pediatrics, 165(7):489-493, DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006- 0101-8 Overweight and Obesity and Their Associated Factors in Adolescents in Tehran, Iran, 2004–2005 Heshmat Moayeri, Katayoon Bidad, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Ali Rabbani, Shahab Anari, Leili Nazemi, Narges Gholami, Soroush Zadhoush and Zinat Nadia Hatmi Abstract OVERVIEW: Obesity is a significant health crisis around the world. Of great concern are the data pointing to the recent increase in the prevalence of obesity irregardless of age group and country. Overweight and obesity in adolescence are markers of overweight and obesity in adults, respectively. Very little data are currently available on the prevalence of childhood obesity in Iran, and more research on the risk factors is required before preventive public health programs can be formulated and put into practice.
|
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling