U ga proporsional bo’ladi:
I![](data:image/png;base64,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) . (13.1)
Bir jinsli o’tkazgich deb tashqi kuch ta’sir etmaydigan o’tkazgichga aytiladi. U o’tkazgichning uchlaridagi ![](data:image/png;base64,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) potensiallar ayirmasiga teng bo’ladi. Ifodadagi R o’tkazgichning elektr qarshiligi deyiladi. Qarshililik birligi 1Om bo’lib, u shunday o’tkazgichning qarshiligiki, bunda kuchlanish 1V bo’lganda o’tkazgichdan 1A tok o’tadi. Bir jinsli silindrsimon o’tkazgich uchun qarshilik
, (13.2)
ta teng. Bu yerda: l — o’tkazgichning uzunligi, S — ko’ndalang kesim yuzasi, - o’tkazgich yasalgan materialning tabiatiga bog’liq bo’lgan koeffitsent, bo’lib buni
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |