O„zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o„rta maxsus ta`lim
STRUCTURE OF THE MOLECULE AND SUBSTANCE
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Физик ва коллид химия. Дарслик
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- BASES OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
STRUCTURE OF THE MOLECULE AND SUBSTANCE
1. The content, subject, goals and objectives of the discipline “Physical and colloidal chemistry”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.1. Content, subject, goals and objectives, methods of the discipline “Physical and colloidal chemistry”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.2. The importance of modern physical and colloidal chemistry. . . . . . 25 1.3. Sections of physical and colloid chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Questions on the topic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2. Substance structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1 Quantum-mechanical analysis of atomic structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2. Quantum-mechanical analysis of molecular structure and chemical bonding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3. Chemical bond properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4. Methods for determining the structure of matter: refraction, parachor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5. Spectroscopic methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Questions on the topic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 II BASES OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 3. The first law of thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.1. Basic concepts of thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.2. Postulates, the meaning of the first law of thermodynamics. . . . . . . 50 3.3. Inner energy. Enthalpy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.4. Warmth and work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.5. Thermochemistry. Thermal effects of physicochemical processes. . 57 3.6. Thermal effect of chemical reactions. Hess law. Heat capacity. . . . . 58 Questions on the topic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4. The second law of thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.1. Varieties of processes: spontaneously proceeding and not proceeding, thermodynamically reversible and not reversible processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.2. The main tasks and postulates of the second law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.3. Entropy. The combined mathematical equation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.4. Characteristic functions and thermodynamic potentials. . . . . . . . . . 77 19 4.5. Criteria for the possibility and direction of processes. . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.6. Third Law of Thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Questions on the topic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5. Chemical reaction equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.1. The law of mass action. Equilibrium constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2. Different expressions of the equilibrium constant and their relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3. Chemical potential. The equations of the isotherm of chemical reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.4. The dependence of the equilibrium constant on temperature. The equations of isochore and isobar reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.5. Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium Shifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Questions on the topic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 III Download 4.15 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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