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Processing of lead agglomerate in a shaft furnace
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3.3. Processing of lead agglomerate in a shaft furnace
Lead agglomerate reductive smelting main goals: 1) obtaining maximum lead in the form of rough metal. Gold, silver, copper, bismuth, antimony, copper, tin and tellurium accumulate in this metal; 2) transfer of non-mineralized rocks and zinc to more slag. 159 Lead is mainly found in oxide and ferrite types in agglomerate. These compounds can be reduced to the metallic state with solid carbon, carbon monoxide, natural gas and other reducing agents at temperatures above 1000 o C. Fig.4. Constructions of the shaft furnace: 1-horn (furnace hearth); 2-furmas; 3-oven mine; 4-loading hatches; 5-throat; 6-gas chimney; 7-agglomerate; 8-coke; 9-working part (focus) of the oven; 10-slag; 11-siphon to release liquid lead The most convenient conditions for obtaining lead fluid is a blast furnace, because it is easy to introduce and control the reducing environment. Coke is used as fuel, and it is loaded into the furnace along with agglomerate in the form of a layer. In the lower part of the furnace - horn, liquid products of the process are collected: rough lead and slag. On top of the slag solution is the slag. The heated coke is located at the bottom of the stack (0.5-1.0 m). This part is called the focus of the furnace. Air is supplied to the furnace under pressure to ensure the combustion of the coke and to create a reducing atmosphere. In the focus of the furnace, the temperature rises to 1500 o C. Furnace gases pass through the volume of the slag, heat them and participate in the recovery of oxidized compounds of lead. The temperature of the gas leaving the furnace (in the furnace) is 200-400 o C. Due to the burning of coke at the height of the pile (4-6 m) and as a result of the melting of the lead downwards, the products are gradually pushed downwards. The speed of downward movement of hail is about 1 m/h. A new portion of the load is loaded instead of the down load. The temperature of the charge decreases from the focus to the place of loading [111]. 160 Liquid products formed during melting move downwards, pass through the focus, collect in the horn and are distributed into layers based on density. Rough lead and slag are removed from the furnace as it accumulates. Agglomerate contains an alloy of oxides and silicates. In addition to lead, it contains zinc, copper, iron, rare metals, copper, antimony, bismuth, tin and rare metals . Lead in agglomerate is presented in the form of lithargetis, silicate, complex oxide (ferrite, plumbite), sulfate, sulfide and free metals melted and poured into the lower part of the furnace when the agglomerate is heated to a temperature higher than 357 o C. During the downward movement, lead dissolves other metals. Litharge (PbO) is an easily reducible oxide. Its regeneration with hot gas begins in the upper parts of the furnace (from temperatures of 160-185 o C): PbO + CO = Pb + CO 2 + 65.0 kJ (6) An increase in temperature leads to an acceleration of the reaction reaches 886 o C, the contact between PbO and carbon improves. The following reaction proceeds intensively: PbO + C = Pb + CO – 90.5 kJ (7) Lead silicates (xPbO ∙ ySiO 2 ) melt at temperatures higher than 700 o C and move to the bottom of the furnace. In this movement, silicates dissolve other oxides in themselves. Lead silicates are recovered in a blast furnace. The recovery will be two- stage. In the first stage, PbO is replaced by stronger Fe 2 O 3 or CaO in silicate. The resulting iron or calcium silicates dissolve the mass in it. In the second stage, the recovery of the slag in the slag solution with CO or C is carried out: 2PbO ∙ SiO 2 + FeO + 2CO = 2Pb + FeO ∙ SiO 2 + 2CO 2 (8) 2PbO ∙ SiO 2 + CaO + 2CO = 2Pb + CaO ∙ SiO 2 + 2CO 2 (9) Lead ferrites (nPbO ∙ mFe 2 O 3 ) are easily restored with carbon dioxide from 500- 550 °C: PbO ∙ Fe 2 O 3 + 2CO = Pb + 2FeO + 2CO 2 (10) Lead sulfate is reduced to the sulfide state: PbSO 4 + 4CO = PbS + 4CO 2 (11) Takes place intensively at a temperature higher than 550 o C. Almost all sulfate is completely converted to the sulfide form. Partial sulfate decomposes from 800 °C: PbSO 4 = PbO + 0.5O 2 (12) Contributes to the decomposition of PbSO 4 : PbSO 4 + SiO 2 = PbO ∙ SiO 2 + SO 2 + 0.5O 2 (13) Lead sulfide (PbS) is almost non-recoverable in mine smelting. In part, lead can occur as a result of a substitution reaction: PbS + Fe = FeS + Pb (14) Download 1.46 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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