Part A. Grammar Reported Speech

Conditionals

	Type 1	If-clause	Main clause(result)	Use
	real present	If+Present Simple Unless(=if not)	Future Imperative can/must/may+bare infinitive Present Slmple	real or very probable situation in the present or future
	If he comes late, we'll miss the bus. If you can't afford it, don't buy it. or Unless you can afford it, don't buy it. If you see her, can you give her a message? If water gets very cold, it turns into ice.
	Type 2	If-clause	Main clause(result)	Use
	unreal present	If+ Past Simple	would/could/might +bare infinitive	improbable situation in the present or future; also used to give advice
If I were you, I would see a doctor. (advice) If I had money, I could buy a new car.(But I don’t have enough money to buy one.)(improbable situation)
	Type 3	If-clause	Main clause(result)	Use
	unreal Past	If+Past Perfect	would/could/might+have+ +past participle	unreal or important situation in the past; olso used to express regrets and criticism
If you hadn't been rude, he wouldn't have fired you. (But you were very rude and he fired you.) (criticism)

Study the following notes:

We put a comma after the if- clause when it comes first. If we go by plane, it will be more expensive. It will be more expensive if we go by plane.

Unless means if not. We’ll go for a picnic unless it rains. We’ll go for a picnic if it doesn’t rain.

After if, we can use were instead of was in all persons. If I were you, I wouldn’t spend so much money.

We don’t usually use will, would or should in if-clause. If we take a taxi, we won’t be late. However, we use should after if when we are less sure about possibility. If I see him, I’ll give it to him. (Perhaps I’ll see him.) If I should see him, I’ll give it to him. (Perhaps I’ll see him but I’m less sure.)

Exercise 7. Match the following parts of the sentences.

1. 
   If I go on a diet, A. we’ll make a snowman.
   
2. 
   If it’s sunny tomorrow, B. I’ll buy you some chocolate.
   
3. 
   If John doesn’t hurry, C. she’ll have to take a taxi.
   
4. 
   If it snows, D. I’ll lose weight.
   
5. 
   If there are no busses, E. he’ll be late.
   
6. 
   If you are a good girl, F. we’ll go for a picnic.
   

1. 
   D
   
2. 
   …
   
3. 
   …
   
4. 
   …
   
5. 
   …
   
6. 
   …
   

Exercise 8. Fill in: unless or if.

1. 
   If you make so much noise, I won’t be able to sleep.
   
2. 
   I’ll tell you _________.there are any messages for you.
   
3. 
   I won’t finish the work _________ you help me.
   
4. 
   _________ you’re hungry, I’ll make you a sandwich.
   
5. 
   We’ll miss the bus _________ we hurry.
   
6. 
   They won’t get married _________ he gets a job.
   
7. 
   You won’t understand _________ you listen carefully.
   

Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Add a comma where necessary.
1. If the dog , keeps (keep) barking, the neighbours will complain.
2. The boss ________ (be) angry if you arrive late for work again.
3. If you ________ (eat) too much you'll be sick!
4. If the weather is bad on Saturday we ________ (stay) at home.
5. You should see a doctor if you ________ (not/feel) well.
6. If you study hard you ________ (pass) your exam.
Exercise 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
Sarah is a bored teenager. If she 1) joined. (join) a club, she 2) ________ (make) more friends. She 3) ________ (enjoy) herself if she 4) ________(go) out more. Her schoolwork is suffering too. If she 5) ________ (study) more she 6) ________ (have) better marks and she 7) ________ (enter) university. Unfortunately, she is becoming overweight. She 8) ________ (feel) better if she 9) ________ (start) swimming, and she 10) ________ (get) thinner if she 11) ________ (stop) eating so much chocolate.
Exercise 11. Use the correct tense form:
If you 1) make (to make) a mistake, they will find you. If they 2) ________ (to find) you they will catch you. If they 3) ________ (to catch) me, I shall confess. If you 4) ________ (to confess) they will put you into prison. If you 5) ________ (to be) lucky, they won't catch you. If you 6) ________ (to go) to Rome, you'll see the Coliseum. If you 7) ________ (to visit) London, probably you'll see the Queen. If you 8) ________ (to stay) with me you won't see anything, but I'll be happy. When he 9) ________ (to propose) to her, she'll marry him. But she won't be happy when she 10) ________ (to marry) him. I shall visit you as soon as I 11) ________ (to feel) better. We shall stay here as long as our money 12) ________ (to last). They won't send us a telegram unless there 13) ________ (to be) something urgent. You'll phone me before you 14) ________ (to go) away, won't you? I’11 come to London after they 15) ________ (to find) some place for us to stay at. We'll work till it 16) ________ (to get) absolutely dark. Students won't get financial rewards unless they 17) ________ (to get) high grades. What will you do when summer 18) ________ (to come)? If he not 19) ________ (to come) we'll have a problem.