Part A. Grammar Reported Speech

Infinitive (to + verb) - Gerund (verb + -ing)

The full infinitive (inf. with to) is used:	The -ing form is used:
1. to express purpose. He went to buy some bread	1. as a noun Smoking is dangerous.
2. after would love / like / prefer. I'd love to see you tonight.	2. after love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy. I love going to discos.
3. after adjectives (angry, glad, happy, sorry, pleased, annoyed, etc). I'm glad to see you here.	3. after start, begin, stop, finish. He started doing his homework at 5:00.
4. with too or enough. He's too old to drive. She's clever enough to understand it.	4. after go for physical activities. She went skiing last Sunday
5. after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, etc). I hope to meet him again.	5. after certain verbs (avoid, admit, confess to. deny, look forward to, mind, object to, prefer, regret, risk, spend, suggest, etc). I don't mind helping you with the dishes.
6. after question words (where, how, what, who, which). Why is not used with to - infinitive. I don't know what to do. BUT: Nobody knew why he was angry.	6. after the expressions: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's worth, what's the use of, be used to, there's no point (in). It's worth seeing that film.
7. after adjectives (angry, glad, happy, sorry, pleased, annoyed, etc). I'm glad to see you here.	7. after prepositions. He left without taking his coat.
8. with too or enough. He's too old to drive. She's clever enough to understand it.	8. after hear, see, sound to emphasize an action in progress I saw her crossing the street. (I saw her while she was crossing the street.) I saw her cross the strret (I saw her when she had crossed the street.)
The bare infinitive (inf. without to) is used:
1. after modal verbs (can, must etc). We must leave soon.
2. after let / make / hear / see + object. Let me go or I'll make you regret it.
3. after modal verbs (can, must etc). We must leave soon.

NOTE
1) Some verbs can take a full infinitive or the -ing form with no difference in meaning. These verbs are:
begin, hate, like, love, prefer, start etc.
e.g. He likes to watch / watching the birds.
2) If the subject of the verb is the same as the subject of the infinitive, then the subject of the infinitive is omitted. If, however, the subject of the verb is different from the subject of the infinitive, then an object pronoun (me, you, him etc) is placed before the infinitive.
Compare: I want to be back at 10 o'clock.
I want him to be back at 10 o'clock.
Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
Yesterday I went with my sister 1), to buy. (buy) something for her birthday. She didn't really know what 2)._______ (get) but she seemed 3) _______ (like) the idea of a pet, so we went to the nearest pet shop. She started 4) _______ (look) around at all the animals. The man in the shop let her 5) _______ (pick up) the rabbits and stroke the hamsters, but when she saw some puppies 6) _______ (play) in a box,she said that she would like 7) _______ (have) one of them. I didn't know if we had enough money 8) _______ (buy) one and I hoped my mother wouldn't object I) _______, (have) a dog in the house, but my sister promised 10). _______ (look after) it properly
and we did have enough money, so we bought a little brown dog. The man gave us a special brush for 11) _______ (brush) him and some special food. Tomorrow we're going to take Splash to the beach.
Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets in the infinitive or the –ing form.
1 I don't like singing/to sing in public, (sing)
2. It's no use ________.her. She won't listen, (tell)
3. I'm still too upset ________ about it. (talk)
4. Don't disturb him. He's busy ________ (work)
5. Stop ________ your nails! (bite)
6. Don't expect him ________ you any money, (lend)
7. I've decided ________ him. (leave)
8. Mum made me ________ my medicine, (take)
9. She agreed ________ him £1,000. (lend)
10. He denied ________ the stolen goods, (receive)

Too + adjective/adverb (negative implication)	He’s too young to have a car. (He’s so young that he can’t have a car.)
Adjective/adverb + enough (positive implication)	She’s clever enough to do the exercise. (She can do the exercise.) It’s early enough for us to catch the bus. (It’s quite early so we can still catch the bus.)
Enough + noun	He’s got enough courage to do it.

Exercise 14. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or-ing form.
My mother is an amazing woman. She is 87 years old and she still enjoys 1) going out (go out) for a walk every day. She doesn't mind 2) _________ (do) all her housework and she's glad 3) _________ (help) her elderly neighbours when they can't 4) _________ (go) to the shops. She's too old 5) _________, (dig) the garden any more- she stopped 6) _________ (do) that last year - but she's still healthy enough 7) _________, (mow) the grass! In the summer she still goes 8) _________ (swim) when it's warm and she lets her grandchildren 9) _________ (bury) her in the sand. She often says, "It's no good 10) _________ (be) alive if you don't enjoy yourself." I'd love 11) _________ (be) like my mother when I'm her age.