Political theory
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Andrew Heywood Political Theory Third E
participatory 57, 232 pejorative implications 221, 222 plebiscitary forms (fascist states) 232 pluralist 227 ‘property-owning’ 320 protective 222 pure 359 representative 70, 224–5 theories/models 222, 225–6 ‘totalitarian’ 232, 245 ‘town-meeting’ 224 two-party systems 249 virtues and vices 229–32 Democracy in America (de Tocqueville, 1835–40) 139 ‘democracy of dead’ (Chesterton) 347 Democracy’s Discontent (Sandel, 1996) 36 Democratic Theory (Macpherson, 1973) 223 ‘democratic unfreedom’ (Marcuse) 127 demos (Gr., ‘the people’) 221, 260 Denmark 116 dependency/’dependency culture’ 32, 312–13, 314, 315 Derrida, J. 6, 8–9 Descartes, R. 21 deserts ‘natural’ 302, 303, 315 social justice 295, 300–3 despotism, absolute 203 ‘despotism of custom’ (Mill) 268, 349 Destatt de Tracy, A. 145 deterrence 169, 170–1 Devlin, P. 161–2, 167, 177, 178 devolution 236, 237 Dialectic of Enlightenment (Horkheimer and Adorno, 1944) 280 Dialectic of Sex (Firestone, 1970) 64 dialectics 19–20, 82, 83 Dialectics of Nature (Engels) 83 Dicey, A.V. (1835–1922) 90, 154–5 Dickinson, G.L. (1862–1932) 118 dictatorship 78, 164, 182, 248 dictatorship of proletariat 85 Diderot, D. (1713–84) 242 diet 332, 342 difference xv, 46–8, 266 toleration and 264–6 ‘difference’ (Derrida) 9 difference feminists 47 ‘difference principle’ (Rawls) 297 Diggers 273 disability 190, 196, 214 disadvantaged groups 213, 238, 239 discipline 163–7 Discipline and Punishments (Foucault, 1975) 129 discourse 6, 8 ‘discourse of power’ (Foucault) 128 Discourses (Machiavelli) 54 discrimination 31, 267, 294 ‘positive’ 217, 285, 291 racial 207 Disraeli, B. (1804–81) 307, 353 diversity 52, 101, 106, 138, 184, 213–18, 269, 285, 358, 366 cultural 177 ‘deep’ 218 divine right of kings 123, 143, 164 division of labour 21, 225 ‘natural’ 64 rational 136 sexual 47 Djilas, M. 332 Index 393 DNA 18, 374 Downs, A. 247, 248–9 Doyal, L. 296 drugs (narcotics) 160, 161, 179, 257, 281, 338, 368 Du Pape (de Maistre, 1817) 165 Durkheim, E´. (1858–1917) 34 duty 199 moral 196 natural 200–2 social 200, 202 dystopias 368, 373–4 Earth Mother 192 East Germany 182 Eastern Europe 114, 149, 326, 328, 330, 335, 362 Easton, D. 9, 53, 73–5 Eclipse of Reason (Horkheimer, 1974) 280 ecofeminism 193 ecological disaster, impending 374 ecological theorists 373 ecologism 191, 193–5, 281 ‘deep’/’shallow’ 193 ‘think globally, act locally’ 193 utopian theories 366 Ecology of Freedom (Bookchin, 1982) 85, 194 economic base 82 determinism 38, 371 growth 86, 312, 313, 325, 330, 335, 350 liberalism 138 ‘man’ 24 ‘management’ 29, 86, 258, 326, 340 ‘mode of production’ 38 security 363 theory (‘laws’) 153 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (Marx, 1844) 371, 372 Economic Theory of Democracy (Downs, 1957) 247, 248 economics 24, 316 ecosocialism 193, 195 education 21, 124, 125, 145, 190, 191, 256, 259, 278, 293, 304, 313, 314, 315, 338, 342, 360, 367, 370 communist 150 higher 314–15 Jefferson 189 ‘education for citizenship’ 209 efficiency 136, 319, 328, 335, 336 national 307 egalitarianism 206, 329 Ego and His Own (Stirner, 1845) 338 egoism 370 Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt, 1963) 58 elderly 126, 214 elections 70, 78, 81, 143, 144, 223, 226, 233, 235–7, 248–9, 250, 251, 269, 270, 316, 357, 359, 363 ‘electoral choice’ 79 legal obligation to vote 209 elective dictatorship 93 electoral mechanism 148 politics 131 turnout 225 electoral systems 222 plurality (‘first-past-the-post’) 235–6, 237, 250 preferential (Arrow) 249–50 proportional 236, 237, 270 second preferences 250 11 September (2001) 97, 176 elite theorists critique of liberal democracy 227 elites 45, 79, 139, 227, 230–1, 238, 349, 363 educated 234 intellectual 256, 290 moral 256 elitism 84 democratic 80–1 embeddedness 46 ‘embodied individuals’ (Taylor) 36 embryo research 160–1, 189 E´mile (Rousseau, 1762) 242 emotion 2, 22 empire 106, 110 empiricism 9, 10, 11, 16, 80, 124, 126, 176, 227, 261, 269, 272, 360, 367 employer-worker relations 340 employers 44, 255 employment 109, 314, 315, 319, 343 ‘empowered citizen’ 314 ‘end of history’ (Fukuyama) 226, 370 ‘end of ideology’ 71 Enforcement of Morals (Devlin, 1968) 161 Engels, F. 22, 60, 81, 82, 83, 128, 146, 153, 321, 326, 371 England/English 90, 100, 230 English Revolution/Civil War 123, 205, 268, 273, 352, 361 enlightened despotism 229, 366 Enlightenment 7, 13, 20–1, 22, 104, 189, 242, 365 ‘central flaw’ (Berlin) 261 monistic tendencies 373 optimism 369 Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Godwin, 1793) 67, 338 enslavement 300 enterprise 313, 335 entrepreneurs 248 environment 109, 126, 192, 245, 341 equal liberty principle 257–8 ‘equal opportunity to become unequal’ 289 394 Index equality 259, 284, 285–94, 311, 315, 340 ‘bourgeois’ 287, 292 civil 292 critics 293–4 formal 285–9, 297, 315 foundational 286, 315 legal 154–5, 257, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 292 ‘natural’ 292 opportunity 211, 257, 285, 289–91, 297, 298, 311, 315 outcome 291–4, 311, 315 sexual 239, 287–9 social 210, 243, 285, 291–2, 293, 306 Equality (Tawney, 1931) 293, 309 equality principle 257 Eros and Civilisation (Marcuse, 1955) 277, 280 Esping-Anderson, G. 305 Essay on Government (James Mill, 1820) 359 Essay on Inequality of Human Races (Gobineau, 1855) 48 Essays on Principles of Population (Mathus, 1798) 302 essentialism 19 ‘essentially contested concepts’ (Gallie) 5 Estonia 92 ETA 179 Ethics of Liberty (Rothbard, 1982) 339 ethnic minorities 48, 74, 100, 176, 185, 239, 280 Ethnic Origins of Nations (Anthony Smith, 1986) 99 ethnicity 7, 214, 215 usage 48 ‘ethnies’ (Anthony Smith) 99 ethnocentrism 100, 191 Etzioni, A. 35 Eurocentrism 102 Eurocommunists 228 Europe 70, 71, 76, 90, 111, 138, 164, 192, 211, 236, 305, 349, 353 ‘federalizing’ 115 pluralistic society 214 Western 304 ‘Europe des patries’ (de Gaulle) 115 European Coal and Steel Community 114 European Commission 114 European Community (EC) 95, 114 European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1953) 188 European Council of Ministers 114 European Court of Justice (Luxembourg) 95, 114 European Economic Community (EEC) 111, 114 European Union 61, 89, 95, 108, 114, 116, 208, 236 economic benefits of closer integration 115 legal right to withdraw 95 national veto (scope narrowed) 114 evolution 23, 356, 367 Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein, 1898) 309, 357 Examined Life (Nozick, 1989) 318 executive branch/power 65, 155, 206 existentialism 8, 37, 58 expectations, rising 353 experience 355 Eysenck, H. 290 Fabian Society 357 Fable of Bees (Mandeville, 1714) 333 factions 189 Factortame case (1991) 95 factory farming 195 facts 4 ‘false consciousness’ (Engels) 128 family 20, 41, 56, 59, 61, 64, 83, 140, 171, 201, 222, 259, 278, 290–1 abolition 276 authoritarian 141 ‘patriarchy’s chief institution’ (Millett) 63, 276 family roles 276 family values 162 famine 302, 303 Fanon, F. 103–4, 275 fascism 18, 23, 34, 37, 58–9, 87, 105, 141, 144, 182, 248, 264, 350 fathers 141 fear 141, 163 Federal Principle (Proudhon, 1863) 367 federalism/federations 94, 110, 113–16, 206 Federalist (1787–8) 232 ‘fellowship’ (Tawney) 293 Female Eunuch (Greer, 1970) 277 Feminine Sexuality (Mitchell, 1985) 64 feminism 62–4, 275, 363 collectivist ideas 42 criticism of communitarianism 35 diversification 62 first-wave 62, 275 liberal 62, 63 Marxist 82 second-wave 47, 62, 276 separatist 18–19 socialist 62, 64, 82 three traditions 62 utopianism 366, 373 Feminist Theory of State (MacKinnon, 1989) 64 Index 395 feminists 20, 195, 208 criticism of liberalism 30 early 288 law 156 liberal or reformist 47 modern 288 radical 13, 18–19, 60–1, 62, 63, 64, 276, 281, 288 representation 238 socialist 288 fetishism of concepts words treated as things 5 feudalism 29, 90, 287 Fields, Factories and Workshops (Kropotkin, 1901) 26 Figes, E. 276 Firestone, S. 64 Fiscal Theory and Political Economy (Buchanan, 1960) 247 Five-Year Plans 326–7 food 296, 305, 328, 332 food stamps programme (USA) 305 For a New Liberty (Rothbard, 1973) 339 Foucault, M. 8, 128, 129 foundationalism 7 Foundations of Nineteenth Century (Chamberlain, 1899) 48 Four Essays on Freedom (Berlin, 1969) 261 Fourier, C. 39, 369, 371 Fragment on Government (Bentham, 1776) 359 France 7, 71, 90, 99, 100, 329, 349 ‘May 1968’ 278 planning 327 France, A. 287 franchise 226, 230, 234, 359, 360 Frankfurt School 279, 280 ‘free grace’ (Weber) 134 free speech, ‘illusion’ 146 free trade 105 free will 21, 38, 161, 172, 253, 374 free-riders 247, 341 freedom/liberty 57, 150, 203, 242, 252, 253–64, 358, 361 ‘ancients’/’moderns’ (Constant) 206, 253, 263 economic 259 ‘development of human potential for its own sake’ (Marx) 262 effective power to act 262 equal 298 ‘essentially-contested’ concept 253 individual 22, 72, 137, 140, 143, 159, 160, 256, 259, 267, 268, 292, 293, 294, 319, 339 individual (infringed by democracy) 231 Kant 117 law and 159–62 licence 254–8, 282 moral (‘inner’) 261, 263, 264 ‘negative’ 30, 205, 253, 258–60, 261, 263 normative principle 253 ‘perfect’ 264 personal 369 pikes and minnows (Tawney) 254 political 370 ‘positive’ 30, 205, 253, 260–4 problems of definition 257 Rawls 297 ‘silence of laws’ (Hobbes) 258 ‘situated’ (Taylor) 36 suppression 368 trade-off with equality 291 ‘zero-sum game’ 255 freedom of assembly 70 expression 70 movement 70 freedom to starve 260 French Revolution (1789) 58, 63, 100, 138, 139, 146, 165, 203, 205, 232, 235, 242, 288, 348, 361, 365, 370 Freud, S. 23, 276–7, 278, 279 Freudian psychology 82 Friedman, D. 370 Friedman, M. 38, 259, 255, 304, 313 friend and enemy 59 Fromm, E. 280, 365 ‘frontier ideology’ 350 Fu¨hrerprinzip (‘leader principle’) 37 Fukuyama, F. 71, 226, 370, 374 fulfilment, personal 365 full employment 305 Function of Orgasm (Reich, 1948) 277 functionalism 44 ‘fundamental laws’ (Bodin) 165 Fundamental Legal Conceptions (Hohfeld, 1923) 186 future 371, 373 ‘post-human’ 374 Future of Socialism (Crosland, 1956) 309, 311, 357, 360 Gaia 374 Gaia (Lovelock, 1979) 194 Galbraith, J.K. 79, 341 Gallie, W.B. 5 game theory 246 Gandhi, M.K. 103, 180, 181 Gandhi (Parekh, 1997) 217 Garden of Eden 364 Garvey, M. 103, 275 GATT (1948–) 111 Gaulle, C. de 115, 135 Gellner, E. 98–9 Gemeinschaft (community) 34 396 Index gender 19, 30, 42, 62, 195, 208, 213, 276, 298 distinguished from ‘sex’ 47 Genealogy of Morals (Nietzsche, 1887) 37 General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Keynes, 1936) 342 ‘general will’ (Rousseau) 57, 93, 142, 200, 201, 213, 223, 230, 242, 243, 245, 263 generations 348 genes/genetics 17, 48, 101, 159, 298 genocide 350, 374 Gentile, G. 58 German Greens 193 German Idealists 256 German Ideology (Marx and Engels, 1846) 146, 371 Germany/Germans 34, 87, 71, 100, 111, 112, 113, 116, 270, 304, 307, 329, 349 welfare system 305 gerontocracy 134 Gesellschaft (association) 34 Gestalt therapy 367 Gettysburg Address (Lincoln) 221 Giddens, A. 31, 309, 314 ‘gift of grace’ 134 Gift Relationship (Titmuss) 311 Gilder, G. 312 ‘global society’ 40 ‘global warming’ 249, 374 globalization xv, 86, 89, 97, 110, 119, 194, 216, 308, 309, 335, 343, 375 cultural 108–9 economic 107–8 nation-state and 106–9 neoliberal 108 political 108 removed idea of viable alternative to capitalism 373 ‘slippery, elusive concept’ 107 winners and losers 108 ‘Glorious Revolution’ (1688) 200, 203, 268, 352, 361 Gobineau, J.A., Comte de (1816–82) 48 God 8, 24, 90, 143, 157, 158, 164, 188, 192, 264, 273, 286, 301, 352, 364 ‘God is dead’ (Nietzsche) 37 Godwin, W. 67, 169, 288, 338, 370 golden age 346, 349, 350, 351, 352, 364 ‘good’ 12, 240 Goodman, P. 365, 367 Gorbachev, M.S. 330, 353 Gosplan (State Planning Committee), Soviet Union 326 ‘led to gulags’ 332 Gough, I. 296 Gould, B. 262 governance xv, 68–73 ‘no settled definition’ 72 government 21, 28, 51, 65–75, 88, 153, 181, 186, 201, 242, 248, 303, 374 arbitrary 164 Aristotle’s classification 69–70 art 52–5 ‘bargaining, consultation, Download 1.87 Mb. 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